PHONEMES
by Patrick C. Ryan
(7/20/97)
PL MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN ALTAIC
{not included under lexical headings}
(A1)-N[H]A ("start to..."), -l/L, inchoative
(A2)-KX[H]E(-$A), -k(e), deverbative; (IE ke:i-; cf. 4. ken-; in -sk[^]-, former of presents, iteratives, distributive, repetitive, continuative, intensive)
(A3)-$A, perfective, muru-y, "bent"; (IE -yo, future passive participles; participles of necessity; active or passive participles)
(A4)-$O, causative; -y; (IE -eyo, causative)
(A5)-$E, ("-like"); -y; (IE -i, relationship of any kind to root)
(A6)M[H]A, me/a, "not"; (IE 1. me:-, "{that} not", prohibitive)
(A7)HA(-$E), in e-, negative; (IE unrecognized *e(:)-, negative, in Old Indian a-, negative)
(A8)QO ("attached"), -q in genitives (-i/ïq = $E-QO; -ni/ïq = NA-$E-QO); Menges: "there is therefor no basic difference in Altajic between genitive and adjective"; (IE *eng- in en-dh-, "and", listed incorrectly under en-; (cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -ang in ky+ang, "also"); (cf. Sumerian -ng-, modal prefix, "also"); (cf. Egyptian in [i]gr, "also"); the earliest genitive is $E, "-like", the -i/ï element of the Altaic forms (IE -i, genitive; -yo/-iyo, adjectives of possession/origin; cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -yi, genitive [$E-$E]; AA -y, gentilic; -i, genitive), which has been supplemented by -q, "*attached". The IE locative in -i is originally a genitive. An alternative form, $E-$E, is seen in IE -iyo, AA -iya (Egyptian -ii), and (Sino-)Tibetan -yi.
(A9)NA ("thing"), -n, nominalizer; as $E-NA, in Yakut pronominal genitive (nominalized adjective) -i/ïn = IE -ino, secondary adjectives; (IE -ino, pronominal possessive; cf. Old Turkish tigin, "prince (sing.)" vs. pl. tigit; also in ne, "who?" {NA-$E, "one-speak"}).
(A10)$E ("-like"), in Altaic accusative -i/ï(g) (the -g is unidentified but may be IE k[^]e-, "this"); (IE locative in -i).
(A11)SOV is the earliest Altaic word-order, corresponding to SOV established by W. P. Lehmann for IE; SOV word-order stems from the language which preceded both, where the transitive subject is only loosely linked to the object-verb, which is primary; this is proved by the invariable rectum-regens word order of Altaic (except Northern Tungus).
(A12)T[?]A ("side"), -de/a, locative; (a lative ["at the side of, with"] in languages all over the world; seen dimly in IE ablative -e:/o:d, possibly a metathesis of *-d+e: {T[?]A+HHE, "go away from the side of . . .") to facilitate pronunciation of vowelless stems).
(A13)HHE ("go to"), -e/a, dative; (IE -[e]i, dative {HHE-HHE = HHE-$E}).
(A14)TS[H]O ("circle of animates"), -t, plural; (IE in -tu, forms abstract substantives = TS[H]O-F[H]A); ( cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -tsho, plural).
(A15)N[H]O-K[?]XO, -lak/LeK, "place of . . ."; (IE legh-, "camp").
(A16)K[H]O-$E-F[H]A-NA, -gün, plural of (related) persons; (IE k[^]eiwon-, "family", listed under 1. k[^]ei-).
(A17)HA-NO-RO-$E, -lar/Ler, (animate) plural; (perhaps IE aneryo- (ne:ryo-), listed under 1. ner-(t-), "1. (magical) vitality, 2. man"; it appears that *hanarai has become *n[h]arya -> lar(y) (N[H]A/O = l).
(A18)S[H]E ("individual"), -s, singulative; as -z, Turkish suffix of one of objects occurring in pairs.
(A19)X[H]O-HA, -ca, aequativus ("at the quantity of"); (IE cf. k[w]ei-, "as", listed under k[w]o- {"of the quantity of"}).
(A20)$O ("what is held = object"), -i/ï, 3rd p. sing.; (IE yo, "who, which", listed incorrectly under 3. e-).
(A21)S[H]O-$E, -si/ï, 3rd p. sing.; (IE syo-, "this", listed under so(s)).
(A22)-MO ("overall"), -ma/e, augmentative in kap-kara, "entirely black" (from *kam-kara); (IE -mo, superlative).
(A23)ME ("tongue = speaker"), in men, "I"; (IE 1. me-).
(A24)S[H]O-$E ("clan-member-like"), in sen, "you (sing.)"; (IE secondary -s, 2nd p.sing. of active).
(A25)RE ("scratch" = indefinite number), -a/er, distributive; (IE re:i-, listed under 1. ar-; (cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -re, "each", distributive).
(A26)P[H]O-FE ("swollen = penis + strong = male"), bu, 1st p. demonstrative; analysis only - no IE equivalent but perhaps related to IE e:pi-, "comrade, dear" (?A-P[H]O-$E, "family-male-like"?)
(A27)P[H]A-R[H]E-$A ("come to the front"), bir, "one"; (IE prei-, "*first", listed under 2. per-).
(A28)?E-K[H]E-$E ("that other-like"), iki, "two"; (IE 3. e- + k[^]e, "this {that [other]}").
(A29)?E+NHA-FE ("that"-animate-male), ol, 3rd p. demonstrative nominative AND ?E-NA ("that"-inanimate), -a/en, 3rd p. demonstrative oblique; IE all- for *alw-, listed under 1. al-; 2. an-; Altaic is attempted to preserve the animate-inanimate distinction of N[H]A/NA, the nominative preferring the animate form.
(A30)T[H]O (definite animate plural), -d/t perfective; (IE -to, perfective passive participle)
The correspondence of 199 roots and 30+ formants suffices for a preliminary study to
establish the presumption of a genetic relationship.
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