by Patrick C. Ryan
(7/20/97)
PL / IE / ALTAIC LEXICAL COMPARISONS
(IE entries in parentheses are keywords in Pokorny unless marked by *)
[bold entries are Proto-Altaic, taken from Street 1974]
(102)KX[H]O-R[H]O, kaL (if for *kal? {KX[H]O-N[H]A}; (IE then 1. (s)kel-), "spoon"; (IE 4. (s)ker-)
(103)KX[H]A-M[H]A ("hurt-hand=squeeze"), kam, "unite, collect"; (IE 1. kem-)
(104)KX[H]O-N[H]A-T[?]SA, kalta, "break apart"; (IE koldo- {for *keldh-}, listed under 3. kel-)
(105)K[H]A-HA-NA, ka:n-, "be satisfied"; (IE kan-, listed under ka:-)
(106)Q[H]A-N[H]A-$E, kany, "friend"; (IE kali-, under 2. kal-)
(107)KX[H]A-P[H]A-TS[H]O, kap(-tï-), "grasp, seize (squeeze)"; (IE kap-to-s, listed under kap-)
(108)Q[H]A-RE-PF[H]A, kaR-bï(q), "fat (esp. on the belly)"; (IE 1. krep-; for *pïq, cf. Latin pinguis)
(109)KX[H]O-T[?]SA-$O, ked- (for *ket-?), "put on (clothes)"; (IE *kadhy, under kadh-)
(110)KX[H]O-RE-TS[H]O-$O, kerti-, "cut finely, notch"; (IE (s)ker-t-, under 4. (s)ker-)
(111)KX[H]E-$E-Q[H]A, keqg (for *keq?), "breast (of an animal)"; (IE k[^]a:[i]{n}k-, under 1. k[^]a:k-)
(112)Q[H]A-RA, kïr, "mountain(-side), edge"; (IE ak[^]ro-, listed under 2. ak[^]-)
(113)KX[H]E, kï-, "do, make"; (IE in ke:i-; in 4. ken-)
(114)Q[H]E-F[H]A-P[?]A, kubá, "pale, bright, yellow"; (IE *keub(h)-, listed under 2. k[^]eu-)
(115)KX[H]O-F[H]A-T[?]A, kud, "trade (deprecatory exchange?)"; (IE ku/u:d-, listed under kew6d-)
(116)Q[H]A-F[H]A-PF[H]E-$O; köpe:-, "swell, foam"; AND köp-, "swim, float"; (IE kw6p(y)-, listed under kew6p-)
(117)K[?]XE-FA-K[?]XE-FA-$O, kökü-, "suck the breast"; (IE g[^]heu-; gheug[^]h-?)
(118)KX[H]O-RE-FA-$E, küR, "dark brown"; (IE krowyo-, listed under 1. kreu-)
(119)M[H]A-NA-?A, mana-, "stand watch"; (IE 5. men-)
(120)ME-HHA-T[H]O-$E, mede, "know, perceive"; (IE me:-ti-, listed under 3. me:-)
(121)M[H]A-RO-K[H]O-$O, merge, "wisdom, accuracy, thought"; (IE m6-r- + 1. k[^]ei- {"*cover") = merk[^]-)
(122)M[H]A-RE-$O, meR, "bright, decorated"; (IE mery-, under 2. mer-)
(123)K[H]O-F[H]A-MA, kum (for *gum?), "sand"; (IE {s}keu:m-, under 2. (s)keu-)
(124)K[H]O-F[H]A-P[?]FO, kup, "cover (*covered place?)"; (IE (s)keub(h)-, listed under (s)keup-)
(125)K[H]E-F[H]E-$E, kuyï, "whirlwind"; (IE *k[^]e:wy-{ro-}, under k[^]e:wero-)
(126)XA-$E-FA-N[H]A(-KX[H]A {"bee"}), kulk, "ear(-wax)"; (IE k[^]owelo-s + *ka: in ka:r-)
(127)KX[H]A-N[H]A-FA-$O, kü:li-, "tie up (stake out?)"; (IE *kle:wy-, under kle:u-)
(128)M[H]A-NA-K[?]XO-FA-$E, meqk, "eternal"; (IE *mengh{w}y-, under men(e)gh-)
(129)M[H]A-QE-FA-$E-NA, meqün, "silver (polish?)"; (IE *mengu-, under meng-)
(130)M[H]A-F[H]A-T[H]O, mo:d, "tree (log?)"; (IE mut-o-s)
(131)M[H]O-TS[H]O, mïta, "be afraid, turn back"; (IE meth-, listed under 1. menth-)
(132)ME-FA-QE, muq, "misfortune, suffering (groan?)"; (IE me:ung[^]- {Old Indian múñjati}, under 1. mu/u:-)
(133)M[H]A-F[H]A-KX[H]O-F[H]A, muku-, "become blunt/dull"; (IE mu:-ko, listed under 1. mu/u:-; cf. Old Indian mukhá)
(134)NO-K[?]E-F[H]A-$O, negü:-, "move, nomadize"; (IE (s)neg-)
(135)NE-HA ("slippery"), (+RE) in nya:R, "spring, summer, new, fresh"; (IE in lerg-; (+T[H]O), le:to-, "warm time, day, summer")
(136)FA-NA, on-, "hit a target, understand, count"; (IE wen-; 1. wen-)
(137)FO-RO-MA, oram, "trace, sign, road"; (IE 4. wer-)
(138)FO-RE-NA, oron (assimilated from *oRan?), "deer"; (IE weren-)
(139)FO-N[H]A-$O, oyïl-, "turn, step aside"; (IE w(e)lei-, listed under 7. wel-)
(140)?E-FA-$O-NA, oyu(n) (assimilated from *oya(n)?), "thought, understanding"; (IE awe:i-, listed under 8. aw-)
(141)FA-MA-$O(-FA), oyïm(u)-, "swim (across)"; (IE *(s)wemy-, under swem-)
(142)(?A-)FE-K[?]O-$O, ög-, "raise, praise"; (IE *wegy-, under aweg-; cf. awig[^]-)
(143)FE-($E-)-T[?]SE, ota, "grass, hay, plant"; (IE in widhu-)
(144)HHO-N[H]A-F[H]A-$E, öl, "be sick, starve, die"; (IE elew-, under 5. el-; elewy-, under ol-(e)-; (IE el6-, under 7. el-)
(145)FA-Q[H]A-$E ("cheek"), öqe, "color, appearance, front"; (IE *wenky-, under we-n-gh-)
(146)$E-FA-T[?]SA-$O, öti-, "inform, pray"; (IE *(y)eud(h)- -> eweid-, under 6. aw-)
(147)FO-SE, os-, "peel off, scratch, crack (of skin, bark, etc.)"; (IE 7.wes-)
(148)FO-SE-HA, osa-, "be careless, err (tangled?)"; (IE 7. wes-)
(149)F[H]A-$E-RO, ör-, "weave"; (IE wei-ro-, listed under 1. wei-)
(150)PF[H]A-N[H]A-?A, pala, "palm of the hand"; (IE pel6-)
(151)PF[H]A-?A-T[?]A(-Q[H]A???="heel???"), padák, "foot, end"; (IE 2. pe/e:d-)
(152)P[?]FA-P[?]FA, pap, "witchcraft, sorcery (mumbling?)"; (IE baba {for *bha-bha})
(153)P[?]FA-RA-FA, por, "summit, peak, crown (of the head)"; (IE 2. bhre:u-)
(154)P[?]FO-?A-FA-$E, po:y, "valley, low ground, forest"; (IE bh(e)wi:-, listed under bheu-)
(155)P[H]A-F[H]A-RO-$E, püre, "seed, fruit, result, offspring"; (IE *pu:rey-, under pu:-ro-)
(156)SA-Q[H]A-RO-$E, seqe:r, "spine, backbone, (mountain)ridge"; (IE *sak-ro, under sak-; cf. sacrum)
(157)PF[H]A-$E-MO, pim, "sign, earmark"; (IE pi:mo-, "fat", under pey(6)-)
(158)S[H]E-?A-P[H]A, sïbá, "daub, smear on"; (IE sa:p-, under seip-)
(159)S[H]E-$E-R[H]O-F[H]A ("jackal-like-(antelope-wolf=)lion"), si:Lü(n); (IE *se:i+le:u); (cf. Egyptian rw)
(160)SO-MO, sam-, "mix, confuse"; (IE sem-)
(161)T[?]SA-?A-($E-)XA, tïcï (from *tïca?), "defecate (ditch?)"; (IE dhe:igw-)
(162)TS[H]E-RO-?A, tarï, "till (land), sow, harvest"; (IE ster6-, listed under 5. ster-)
(163)SA-K[?]XE/K[?]XO, sïka (for *saka?), "press, squeeze (empty out?)"; (IE seg[^]h- / *segh-)
(164)SA-?E-K[?]A, sïgï (from *sïga?), "peep through, peer"; (IE sa:g-)
(165)F[H]A, u, "be ashamed"; (IE 1. au-)
(166)K[H]E-F[H]A-R[H]O-$E-K[H]O-$E, göLége, "young dog, whelp (little howler?)"; (IE 1. k[^]e:u- + l + ko; cf. English "skulk")
(167)TS[H]O-QO-N[H]A, tïq-la, "listen, eavesdrop"; (IE 1. tong-)
(168)TS[H]A-F[H]A-KX[H]A-T[H]O, tokta- (from *tokda?), "stand, stop"; (IE (s)teuk-to- (in Lithuanian stúkti, "stand up", listed under 1. (s)teu-)
(169)TS[H]A-FA-K[?]A-N[H]A, tug-la (from *tuga-la?), "strike with the feet, rear, buck (of a horse)"; (IE (s)teug-, under 1. ( s)teu-; cf. 1. wa/a:g-)
(170)TS[H]A-F[H]A-RA-$E-K[?]XA ("horses-back-hang=ride{r}") OR TS[H]A-F[H]A-RA-K[?]XA-$A (IE twer+ghai-), törk-, "Turk"; (IE *twery-, under 1. twer- + -gha in ghais-); of course, this is very speculative
(171)TS[H]A-F[H]A-Q[H]O, tuqa:, "number"; (IE *twenk- in Lithuanian tùntas, "heap, quantity", listed under te:u-); the length is unexplained
(172)SA-$E-NA, sa:-n-á, "think, consider, count"; (IE *sen- in sent-)
(173)SA-F[H]E-$E-P[?]A, sibü (metathesis from *süib), "whisper"; (IE sweib-, under swei-)
(174)S[H]A-?A-(F[H]A-)P[H]A, seb, "love, joy, calm"; (IE in Baltic/Celtic se:p-, under 1. swep-)
(175)SO-NA-?A-FA, su:n-, "extend, stretch"; (IE senu- {"pulling"}, sen(e)u-, listed under sen-)
(176)S[H]E-Q[H]O-$O, siqe, "penetrate, be absorbed into"; (IE *senky-, under 1. sek-)
(177)T[?]SO-QA-?A; tïq, "firm, strong, true (peg for fastening something?)"; (IE 2. dhengh- {from *dhengH-???})
(178)T[?]SE-FA-P[?]A-$E, tü:b, "ground, basis"; (IE dheuby-, under dheu-b-)
(179)$O, ya:, "do what?, who, what"; (IE yo-)
(180)$O-FA-NA-$E, üni, "cow (heifer?)"; (IE yuweny-, under 3. yeu-; yeu-ni-?)
(181)$A-HHA-F[H]A-SE-$E, üsü: (assimilated from *üsi?), "milk"; (IE ye:usy-, under 1. yeu-)
(182)?E-FA-T[?]SA-MA, umta, "sleep, forget"; (IE *audhmo- {from *aumdho-}, under 2. au-)
(183)HHA-F[H]A-RO-F[H]A, u:ru-, "flow, stream"; (IE awer-, listed under 9. aw(e)-)
(184)FA-RO, ura, "small hut, shelter"; (IE 5. wer-)
(185)?E-FA-RE, u:Ra, "art, artistry, skillful, craftsman"; (IE *ewer- {cf. Greek heurísko:}, under 4. wer-)
(186)?A-KX[H]E+TS[H]A ("grass-deer+horse"), ak+ta, "horse"; (IE ek[^]- in ek[^]wo-s)
(187)P[?]FE-FA-SE-$O, pös-, "grow, multiply"; (IE bheusy-, listed under bheu-)
(188)P[?]O-K[?]A ("cheek-jaw"; "cheek" as "pouch, saddle-bag"?), ba:g, "bunch, group, *bundle" {cf. Mongolian ba } - the vowel length is unexplained; (IE *bag-, in English "pack")
(189)P[?]?A-KX[H]A-TS[H]A, bakta, "fit in, sink in"; (IE bak-to-, under bak-)
(190)P[?]A-N[H]A-?E(-$E)(-NA-T[?]SA), balï(/ ), "blind"; (IE b(h)le:i- in Gothic blinds, under bhlendh-; 1. bel- {"socket?"})
(191)P[H]A-N[H]A-Q[H]A ("flatten-high=plateau"), balaka, "town"; (IE *pla:nk-, under 1. pla:-k-)
(192)PF[H]A-N[H]A-F[H]A-$O, püle, "be enough, be in excess {start to tamp?}"; (IE plewy-, under pleu-)
(193)P[?]FA-N[H]A-F[H]A, pula, "red"; (IE bhle:wo-s, same root as bhleu-(k-)/(s-) and 1. bhle:u-)
(194)P[?]FA-N[H]A-$O-FA-K[?]A-$E, püli-ge:-, "blow"; (IE *bhlei-wa, under 2. bhlei-)
(195)PF[H]A-N[H]A-F[H]A-$E, pöl, "damp, wet, nourishing"; (IE *plewy-, under pleu-)
(196)P[H]FA-KX[H]E-F[H]A-RO-$E, pökeR (from *pökeri?), "ox"; (IE *pek[^]weri- {cf. Latin pecoris from pecu:s}, under 2. pek[^]-)
(197)P[H]A-T[?]SA-?A, batï-, "be rapid"; (IE *ped(h)H-, under 2. pe/e:d-); (Arabic fadda, "run")
(198)P[H]FE-F[H]A-TS[H]O-$E, pü:tü (from *püti:), "hole, opening"; (IE pu-ti-, under peu/u:-)
(199)P[H]A-T[?]A-$O-RE ; bedeR, "ornamentation"; (IE in pedy-, "decorate", under 1. pe/e:d-)
The correspondence of 199 roots and 30+ formants suffices for a preliminary study to
establish the presumption of a genetic relationship.
To investigate these correspondences in detail, see the
TABLE OF PL/IE/ALTAIC
CORRESPONDENCES
return to
PROTO-LANGUAGE PHONEMES in IE and Altaic (essay and first 100
roots)
the latest revision of this document can be found at
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