by Patrick C. Ryan
(6/5/97)
PL MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN BENG
(not included under lexical headings)
(A1)-N[H]A (start to . . .), (6)faN-le, strip, shred, split, crack; (8)gbaN-le, shout, cry out, scream;
(24)soN-le, flow; (36)kla[N], thief; (40)céN, bitter; (63)ñí-lé, be cool, cool down; (IE -l, inchoative)
-(A2)-KX[H]E(-$A), *p, not found ; (IE cf. 4. ken-; in -sk^-, former of presents, iteratives, distributive, repetitive, continuative, intensive)
(A3)-$A/HHA, perfective, *y in (3) bíbí-le, sting; (15)kli, chief, monarch; (33)pu-le, open (something); (38)jrÉq, completely dry; (53)pi-le, evacuate from the body; (IE -yo, future passive participles; participles of necessity; active or passive participles)
-(A4)-$O, causative; -*y, not found;(IE -eyo, causative)
(A5)-$E, -like; *y in (5)fá, half ("piece-like"); (9)gbE, village; (21)sÉ, all, every; (28)kpÉNq, cane, walking stick; (29)kpÉkpÉ, well, in good health, healthy; (35)viN-le, love, want; (40)céN, bitter; (42)bq, ball (as of futu); (44)blé, alcohol, drink; (53)pi-le, exacuate from the body; (IE -i, relationship of any kind to root)
-(A6)M[H]A ("hold [off from]"), *ma, not found; (IE 1. me:-, (that) not, prohibitive)
(A7)?E ("there=not here"), é, negative (the high tone may represent a suffixed $A for perfective, or is simply a differentiation from è, this is..., here is...); (IE (unrecognized *e(:)-, negative, in Old Indian a-, negative); cf. Altaic negative e-; Egyptian i-, negative element; this is the nominal employment of the non-concommitant time prefix ?E in verbs.)
(A8)Q[H]O ("hooked"), possibly in ñaaN, hear now, well; (IE *enk- in en-dh-, and, listed incorrectly under en-); (cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -ang in ky+ang, also; Sumerian -ng-, modal prefix, also; Egyptian in [i]gr, also) .
(A9)NA ("thing"), na in (12)kana, this (one); (in IE -ino, secondary adjectives; -ino, pronominal possessive)
(A9)NA ("one"), n, "I"; a frequent set of pronouns around the world for the first and second person are NA, the one, and K[H]E, the other (Beng ka, 2nd p. plural and polite); the a of ka (for *ke) and the syllabic n of *na show that these "pronouns" are stress-unaccented.
(A10) SOV in Beng; SOV is the earliest word-order, corresponding to SOV established by W. P. Lehmann for IE; SOV word-order stems from the language of the active-type phase, where the transitive subject is only loosely linked to the object-verb, which is primary; Altaic, Basque, and Sumerian also have SOV.
(A11)T?A (side), in díN, next to; (cf. Altaic -de/a, locative; (a lative [at the side of, with] in languages all over the world; seen dimly in IE ablative -e:/o:d, possibly a metathesis of *-d+e:(T?A+HHE, go away from) to facilitate pronunciation of vowelless stems)
-(A12)HHE(-HHE) (go to), -*yé?, not found; IE -[e]i, dative (HHE-HHE->HHE-$E).
-(A13)TS[H]O (circle of animates), -*c, plural, not found; (in -tu, forms abstract substantives; TS[H]O-F[H]A; cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -tsho, plural).
-(A14)S[H]E (individual), -*s, singulative, not found, but present in sia, male; as -z, Turkish suffix of one of objects occurring in pairs.
-(A15)X[H]O-HA, *po, as, not found;. (IE k[w]ei-, as, listed under k[w]o- ["of the quantity of"]); (cf. Altaic -ca, aequativus ["at the quantity of"]).
(A16)$O ("what is held = object"), yo, another; (IE yo, who, which, listed incorrectly under 3. e-; (cf. Altaic -i/, 3rd p. sing.).
-(A17)S[H]O-$E, *sE/i?, not found; (IE syo-, 'this', listed under so(s)); (cf. Altaic -si/, 3rd p. sing.).
-(A18)-MO ("overall"), *mo, much, not found; (IE -mo, superlative); (cf. Altaic -ma/e, augmentative in kap-kara, entirely black (from *kam-kara)
(A19)ME ("tongue = speaker"), in mí, you [sg. familiar]) ; (IE 1. me-); (cf. Altaic in men, I) .
(A20)SHO-$E ("clan-member-like"), in sO\N, person, someone, somebody, body; (IE secondary -s, 2nd p. sing. of active); (cf. Altaic in sen, you (sing.).
-(A21)RE (scratch = indefinite number), *le, any, not found; (IE re:i-, listed under 1. ar-;)(cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -re, each, distributive; and Altaic -a/er, distributive).
(A22)?A+N[H]A(-FE) (this-animate[-male]), aN, we [past, imperative], us, our; (IE in all- for *alw-, listed under 1. al-; 2. an-); (cf. Altaic ol, 3rd p. demonstrative nominative AND ?E-NA(that-inanimate), -a/en, 3rd p. demonstrative oblique); Altaic is attempted to preserve the animate-inanimate distinction of NHA/NA, the nominative preferring the animate form).
-(A23)T[H]O (definite animate plural), *to, not found (IE -to, perfective passive participle); (cf. -d/t perfective
(A24)FA (definite inanimate small plural), (7)gbO, feces; (10)jo\, fishing net; (25)mO, young girl; (34)wlu, heat, warmth; (IE dual in -o(:)u)
(A25)?/HA (stative), (9)gbE, village; (10)jo\, fishing net; (33)pu-le, open (something);
(47)ba-le, bear fruit; (IE in lengthened final vowels: e.g.g[^]he:-)
(A26)R[H]A (color), (13)kala, elderly person; (IE -r, in color words)
(A27)"F/F[H]A (imperfective), in (14)klO, small, little; (17)tfá, brick; (22)sON\, person;
(27)mwoq, urine; (30)pop, flabby; (34)wlu, heat, warmth; (39)coq, erect, long; (42)bq, ball (as of futu); (43)bON, black pagne leaf; (46)bàq, upper arm, wing; (57)da\-le, help (out); IE -'úin tNn-ú-s, thin ("stretching"), from ten-, stretch out, lengthen)
(A28)"R/R[H]O (augmentative), in (18)tro, penis; (69)qwau-lé, burn (intr.); (IE -ro, comparative)
(A29)N/N[H]A, (definite singular), in (22)sON\, person; (46)bàq, upper arm, wing; (IE -lo, agent)
(A30)NA-"?A-$E ("inside-like=not here=absent"), ní, not; (IE ne:i-, listed under 1. ne/ne:-, negative [cf. Japanese -na:i, not {-> -nai, id.; *}])
(A31)M[H]O ("human"), mo, my, mine; (IE does not have this presumably; this word was used for "pronouns" in Amerindian languages)
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca and Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco. 1995. The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. New York etal. Helix Books. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Ehret, Christopher. 1995. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary. University of California Publications in Linguistics: Vol. 126. Berkeley and Los Angeles. University of California Press
Erman, Adolf, and Grapow, Hermann. 1971. Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache. Berlin: Akadamie-Verlag
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Klimov, Georgij A. 1977. Tipologija Jazykov Aktivnogo Stroja. Moscow: Nauka
-------------------------1983. Printsipy Kontensivnoi Tipologij. Moscow: Nauka
Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Volume I. Bern and Munich: Francke Verlag
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