comparison.JAPANESE.2_roots.htm

PROTO-LANGUAGE PHONEMES





in IE and Japanese





by Patrick C. Ryan

(6/28/97)

PL / IE / JAPANESE LEXICAL COMPARISONS

(IE entries in parentheses are keywords in Pokorny unless marked by *)

[page numbers after Old Japanese entries are references in Miller]

(101)S[H]E-$A-Q[H]A-S[H]A ("gone away-high=sink-state"), *"syansa:, sink (<- * "sya:ⁿksa:)(-> MJ shiz-umu, id.; *327 for -ns -> z); (IE *sei(n)k- in Old Indian siñcáti, listed under seikw-)

(102)FA-?A-Q[H]A ("bent into a hump=cripple"), *wa:ka:-, *weak (-> MJ waká-i, young; *); (IE wa:k-, listed under w6k-; *wonko-, listed under wek-)

(103)$A-FA-RO ("much-fragile=tender-very"), *yaw₁ara-, soft(en) (-> MJ yaw₁ara-geru, soften; 75); (IE *yewe-ro-, listed under yeu-, *tender, young)

(104)M[H]A-T[?]A-HA ("palm+hand-move [laterally]=give"), *"ma:d-h₁a:-, meet (-> MJ mát-u -> máts-u, wait; 332); (IE *ma:dH- [cf. Armenian matim), listed under mo:d-; cf. do:- (*deH-), give); (cf. Egyptian (r)di, give)

(105)P[H]A-$E-T[H]O ("over-tribe member"), *Fa"ito:, (gentle-)man (-> MJ hito, man; *); (IE pi-, listed under epi-); (cf. Egyptian p(')(i)t, gentry; the ' is a determinative for indicating an internal -i- representing ?A in P[H]A-?A-T[?]O, "flat-lump=contain[er], which is IE 1. pe/e:d-; probably *pyet- [cf. Avestan paiti], listed under poti-s)

(106)HA-P[H]A-$E ("flea-like"), *h₁Fa"ye, fly (-> MJ hae, id.; *); (IE pe:(i)-; -pi in apis, bee [HHA-?A, "sweet"]; notice also pe:i-to-, swarm of bees, in Latvian spiêts, listed incorrectly under 3. sp(h)e:(i)-); (cf. also Egyptian pii, flea)

(107)T[?]SE-?A-"$E-T[?]SE-?A-"$E ("extend-state=fragrance-like=smelly, sour"), *dye-dye(-> MJ jijii, old man, grandfather (derogatory); *); (IE *dhe:i- (cf. Greek theía, aunt), listed under 1. dhe:-; for "sour", cf. dhedhn-, (sour) milk), listed under dhe:(i)-)

(108)T[?]SO-$A-M[H]A, ("held-activity"), *dyama:, restriction (-> MJ jama, obstruction; *); (IE dhe:m- in Old Indian dhá:man, statute, law, listed under 2. dhe:-)

(109)T[?]SA-?E-$E-RO ("long-eye-like-very=stare"), *da:"yero -> "dyero, stare (-> MJ jiro, in jíro jiro míru, stare at; *); (IE *dhe:i-ro- [cf. Old Indian dhí:ra, seeing], listed under dhey6-)

(110)?E-FA-M[H]A ("socket-navel=womb-activity"); *e"w₁am-, bear (a child) (-> MJ um-u, id.; *; also as a formative meaning 'become'); (IE *ewem- in Germanic wambo:, womb [+ P[?]FO, place]; in Latin venter, stomach [from *ewem-dri], listed incorrectly under udero-; in *auma:-, *womb, in *auma: [German Oma]), grandmother, listed under awo-s, maternal grandfather, a masculinization of *awa-, *womb); ( cf. AA *?awama in ?umatun, mother)

(112)MO-R[H]A ("be high by addition"), *mora:-, receive, (-> MJ mora-u, id.; *); (IE me:-ro-s, listed under 4. me:-)

(113)K[H]E-?A-$E ("other-state-like"), *"ka:ye-, change, alter (<- ke"aye) (-> MJ kae-r-u, id. ; *); (IE k[^]o-, that (other); k[^]ereyo-, make (alter in a new shape), in 2. k[^]er-); (cf. also Egyptian k3.w, others, foreigners [Budge]; k3.t, work, construction)

(114)$A-KX[H]E-$E ("much-run-like"), *i"ki-, *go (*quickly) (<- *yake:"i) (-> MJ *iki in ikinari, suddenly; *); (IE *yeky-, listed under ye:-)

(115)?A-FA-$E-KX[H]A-$A ("sticks-like=frame+stuck"), *aw₁i"kya, house (-> MJ uchi, id.; *); (IE *Hweiky-, listed under weik[^]-; cf. also ?A-FA-$E-T[H]O-$E (Hweiti- -> wi:-ti, listed under 1. wei-; to which, cf. Egyptian iwy.t, house)

(116)KX[H]A-RA ("point-high=upside down=empty"), *kara, out of (cf. kará, being empty [+-?A, stative] (-> MJ kara, id.; *); (IE 2. (s)ker-, *empty out; cf. Egyptian H3, outside (emptiness), go ashore)

(117)?A-R[H]O-F[H]A-$O ("top-rising-cause"), *"arwa:(i)-, wash (<- *"aro:wa:i-) (-> MJ ara-u, id.; 18 [*araFi]); (IE *Hloweyo-, listed under lou-)

(118)K[H]A-P[H]A ("desire-pick up=grab covetously"), *"ka(w), buy (-> MJ ka-u, id.; 18 [*kaFi]); (IE kap-)

(119)TS[H]O-F[H]A-R[H]E, ("revolving-come '), *"to:F₁a:re:, go around (-> MJ tóor-u, id.; *); (IE 1. twer-)

(120)N[H]A-KX[H]A-$E ("vibrate-hum-like=sing [bird: warble]"), *naki-, sing (-> MJ naki-ru, id.; 326); (IE le:keyo-, listed under 1. le:k-)

(121)TS[H]O-F[H]A-KX[H]A-$O, ("revolving-puncture-cause"), *"twa:"kyo, penetrate (<- *to:F₁a:ka:"yo) (-> MJ tsukií-ru, id.; *); (IE (s)*teukeyo-, listed under 1. (s)teu-)

(122)P[H]O-F[H]A-KX[H]E-$O ("swellings-fast-cause"), *"F^hwa:kyo, blow (<- *Fo:F₁a:ke:"yo -> (-> MJ fuk-ú, id.; *); (IE *p(h)ukeyo-, listed under 1. pu/u:-)

(123)?O-MO ("strong-push"), "omo-, heavy (-> omo-i, id. *); (IE om6-, *be heavy)

(124)SO-FA-M[H]A-$E, ("pulling-activity-like"), *souma:"i, ink (-> MJ sumí, id.; *); (IE *seu-mo(i)-, listed under 1. seu-)

(125)T[H]A-KX[H]A-?A-$E ("damp-point-plant=reed-like=bamboo"), *ta"ka:y, bamboo (-> MJ take; *); (IE *tak(h)H-, *cane, listed under tek[^]þ-; note tek[^]þ-ta:, bowl, a natural product for such, and the frequent take (bamboo) dishes of Old Japan)

(126)Q[H]A-$E ("humped-like"), *ka:"i, shellfish (-> MJ kái; 27); (IE *a(n)ki-, *hard, stone, listed incorrectly under 2. ak[^]- (for *a(n)k[^]-), pointed, which is Q[H]E; cf. 3. kar- [Q[H]A-RA{back}="hump-back=hard"])

(127)T[H]O-F[H]A-Q[H]A ("compacting-hump"), *twa:ka:, mound (<- *to"F₁a:ka:) (-> MJ tsuka; 27); (IE twenk-, mound, listed under te:u- but properly should be under stew6-; the idea is the stones stopping the earth from washing away)

(128)T[H]E-F[H]A-$E-Q[H]E-$O, ("shining-like-wriggle-cause"), *twa:ik"yo, moon (<- *te:F₁a:i"kyo) (-> MJ tsukí, moon; (IE in Germanic *tweink(h)[^]eyo-, a derivative of 2. twei-)

(129)?O-$E-T[H]O-$E-KX[H]O, ("sound-like-tribe member-like-shell"), *oitye"ko:, female shaman (-> MJ ichiko, id.; *); (IE 5. ai-, say (prophet); (ai-ti, fate, from ai-to, *speaker), listed incorrectly under 3. ai-, give); KX[H]O, shell, seems to be a designation for social position; -komay also derive from Q[H]O, *garland? [cf. Latin coro:na, garland]

(130)KX[H]O-F[H]A-SE-M[H]O-$E ("cutting-separate=carve(d)-human-like=image"), *"ka:mi, god (<- *"ka:mmi <- *"kwa:smye <- *ko:"wa:se-mo:"ye) (-> MJ kámi, god (really "idol"); (*IE kwes-, listed incorrectly under k[^]es-; cf. also Greek ksóanon, divine image [kseu-]); (cf. Egyptian x(wz)m, sacred image); [cf. Arabic Ausi:m, Letopolis])

(131)T[H]SA-P[?]FE-$E ("lengthened-digit-like"), *ta:"bei, eat (-> MJ tabé-ru, id.; *); (IE *tabh-, *extend fingers, in English "stab")

(132)T[?]SE-FA-P[?]FE-$E ("digit-like"), *dwabe"i, finger, toe (-> MJ yubí, id.; *); (IE dheubhy- in Greek túphoi, listed under dheubh-)

(133)?A-F[H]O-S[H]A ("family=good-spider-place=East"), *"assa, morning (<- *"au:sa:) (-> MJ ása, id.; *); (IE awes-; cf. Egyptian (I)wz(i)r, Osiris, "morning-maker")

(134)?A-FA-R[H]E ("forehead-circle-come=turn"), "*arre:, be at, find (<- *"aure: (-> MJ ár-u, id.; *); (IE *Hwere:-, listed under 4. wer-; cf. also 8. aw-, to perceive sensibly: ?A-FA, "facing")

(135)FA-SE ("round-excrete"), *"F₁ase, sweat (-> MJ áse; *); (IE 3. wes-)

(136)M[H]A-Q[H]O-F[H]A ("hand-crushing") *"ma:kwa:-, scatter (-> MJ maku-ru; id.; 38 [in makie, inlaid lacquer, the basal idea of "pressing (into)" is better preserved]); (IE menku-, listed under men(6)k-; the idea is to convert to powder by crushing so it can be strewn; 2. ma:k-)

(137)?A-FA-SO-$O ("plants-pull-cause"), *"aw₁asoi-, put together, unite (-> MJ awasé-ru, id.; 38); (IE *Hwesy-, listed under 7. wes-)

(138)?E-$E, ("socket-like=line"), *ei, picture (line[s]) (-> MJ é, id.; *); (IE in e:l-, line)

(139)MO-NO ("flesh-basket"), *"mono, crest (-> MJ món, id.; *); (IE mono-; 1. men-)

(140)MO-NO ("overall-plural"), *mo"no, thing (-> MJ monó, id.; *); (IE *men-, something, in Greek monos)

(141)M[H]O-NO ("human-plural"), *"mo:no, person(s), somebody (-> MJ mono, id.; *); (IE manu-s; cf. Egyptian mn, so-and-so, someone)

(142)P[H]A-N[H]A-F[H]A-RO, ("flat-start=filling-very"), *F^hu:r-, fall, come down as rain (<-*Fⁿa:"u-ro <- *Fa:na:"wa:ro) (-> MJ fúr-u, id.; 303); (IE pleu-; 1. pel-)

(143)?A-$E-R[H]O ("forehead-like-rise=blush"), *yiro: (better: *airo:), color, complexion, face (-> MJ iró, id.; *); (IE 1. el-, reddish, golden-yellow; cf. Egyptian irw, shape, form, nature)

(144)$A-NA-RO-$E ("rock-one-very-like"), *yaⁿ"sye, stone, rock (<- *yan"dzye <- *yan"dzoye<- *yan"(d)roye) (-> MJ íshi, id.; *); (IE indro-, listed incorrectly under oid-; should be connected with Old Indian ádri-, stone, listed under ond- {for *yan-(d)ri-})

(145)NA-($E-)P[?]O-$A ("absent-swollen=budded=very young"), *"niwe, new (<- *na"iwai)(-> MJ nii- [niwa is from NA-$E-P[?]O {<-*nio <-*niwo); 74); (IE neuyo-s, listed under newo-s; cf. Egyptian nfr, beautiful NA-P?O-RO {+very})

(146)?A-R[H]A ("family=good-color=pink {coppery}"), *ara, new, *early (-> MJ ara-; *); (IE *a:ri- in Greek ê:ri, in the morning, listed under a/a:ier, day, morning)

(147)NE-$E-K[?]XO-RO ("sticky-throat=phlegm=dirty+very"), *neye"goro, dirty, beclouded, befouled (-> MJ nigór-u, id.; 75); (IE sleig-, listed under 3. lei-)

(148)Q[H]A-Q[H]A ("all humped"), *-a(k?)ka, dirt (<-*-ka:ka:) (-> MJ -aka, id.; 75); (IE kakka)

(149)N[H]E-$E-T[?]SE-$A ("slid-extended"), *"ne:idya, twist, screw (-> MJ neji-ru, id.; 75); (IE s+leidh-, listed under 3.lei-)

(150)F[H]A-T[?]O-FA ("circle-lumps") *udu (better *F₁udw₁a), whirlpool (-> MJ uzu, id.; 75); (IE *wedu- {cf. Phrygian bedu}, listed under 9. aw(e)-)

(151)NE-$E-P[?]A ("mucus-like=sticky-piece"), *"neiba-, be sticky, adhesive (-> MJ neba-ru, id.; 75;) (IE *(s)leib(h?)-, listed under 3. lei-, *sticky)

(152)?A-Q[H]E-RA ("top-point-high"), *aker-, open (-> MJ aker-u, id.; 75); (IE ak[^]ri-, high)

(153)K[H]A-?A-RO ("desired-very"), -"ka:ro, family (-> MJ -kara, id.; 77) ; (IE ka:ro-, listed under ka:-; k[^]er-, *progeny, listed incorrectly under 2. k[^]er-)

(154)M[H]O-RA-$O ("horse-back-cause"), *mo:"ri- (<- *mo:ra"i-) , ride (-> MJ *; 77); IE *mo:ri-, ride a horse; nor- [NO-R[H]E {"basket-come"}] , ride in a conveyance {litter}); (IE *mer-, listed under marko- {-K[H]O, little})

(155)?O-T[H]O ("sound-large definite plural"), *o"to:, sound (-> MJ otó; 87); (IE *a- in 6. aw-{?O-FA, sounds})

(156)FO-X[H]A-$E ("curl-pouch-like; leather boiling pouch"), *F₁oke:, pail (<- "*"F₁oka:i <- "F₁oka:ye) (-> MJ óke, pail, tub; 87); (IE *wakwy-, listed under auqw(h)-; for *kwa-, *pouch, cf. kwas-yo- {kwa- + syu:-}, basket)

(157)P[?]FO-?A, ("leg-like"), *bo:, stick (-> MJ boo, id.; *); (IE bha:- in bha:t-, 1. bha/a:u-)

(158)?O-M[H]A, ("hold-activity"), *yom-, read (-> MJ yóm-u, id. *); (IE yem-)

(159)P[H]O-?A($E-)KX[H]O ("swell-cut"), *Fo:ko:, lance (<- MJ hoko, id., 176); (IE s+pe:k- in Anglo-Saxon spa:ca, listed under 1. (s)p(h)e/e:i-); NOTE: it is very interesting that for -ko in *Fo:ko:, the Middle Chinese character for ywo was employed but for ko, child, the Middle Chinese character for kuo was used; this indicates an Old Japanese distinction between reflexes of PL K[H] and KX[H] while the -w of both characters suggests that Old Japanese may have retained the [^w]-glide preceding a back vowel, which was subsequently lost. A correlation of the findings of Arisaka Hideo (1957) and the contrasts postulated here in terms of uniform Modern Japanese reflexes to Old Japanese stops and affricates as well as correlations between Middle Chinese characters with vocalic elements (i/y:u/w) that might be interpreted as representing Old Japanese glides ([^y] before -e; [^w] before -o) might also be of interest.

(160)T[?]SO-RO-FA ("arm-very=column of excrement=defecate(-ing), *do"rou, mud (-> MJ doró, id.; 182); (IE 1. dher-; 5. dher-; dhreu-)

(161)T[H]O-$A-Q[H]E ("approached-wriggle=brush against"), *chika:-, be near (<- "tyake: <- *to:"yake:) (-> MJ chiká-i, id.; *); (IE *teink-, *come together, listed under 1. tenk-; 2. tenk-; cf. Egyptian '[i]q)

(162)$A-M[H]A-$A ("much-bitten"), *yamaFi (better: *yama:i), illness (-> MJ yámai, id.; 201); (IE yem-, *pain)

(163)$E-HHE-F[H]E ($E-HHE {alternate dissimilation from HHE-HHE: usual HHE-$E} [cf. IE e:i- vs. ya:-]}, ("leave-wind=smoke hole in tent"), *iFe:, house (-> MJ ié, id.; 201); (IE ei-wa, listed under 1. ei-)

(164)?A-FA-P[H]A-?A-$E ("tops-be over-like"), *u"Fe: (<- *au"Fa:i), top (-> MJ ue, id.; 201); (IE *up-; in upér)

(165)FE-$E ("stem-like"), *F₁i (for *F₁e"i), rush (-> MJ i, id.; 201); (IE 1. wei-)

(166)?A-SO-$A ("plant-pulled=withy"), *"asya, reed (-> MJ áshi, id. *); (IE *asi- in OHG erin, floor (rush), listed incorrectly under a/a:s-; cf. Egyptian is.w, reeds; the sign with which this is written [M40, "bundle of reeds"] is more likely to picture a reed being stripped of its skin to be allowed to dry quickly)

(167)KX[H]E-F[H]A ("rushing"), *ka"F₁a (for *ke:"F₁a:), river (-> MJ kawá, id.; 201); (IE s+k[^]he:u-, listed under sk[^]e/e:u-; cf. skeub-, go quickly, and Egyptian H(w)(")p(ii), Nile; [cf. also Hpwtii, runner])

(168)Q[H]E-$A-Q[H]E-$A ("all-scratched"), *"kyakya, scratch (<- *ke"yakeya) (-> MJ kák-u, id.; 203); (IE kaik[^]-)

(169)TS[H]A-NA-P[H]A ("extend-thing=wing-diminutive [intr.]"), *"to:ⁿba (<- "to:mba <-"ta:mba <-"ta:npa [cf. tana, shelf, rack]), fly (-> MJ tob-u [gerund: tonde], id.; 204); (IE temp-(from ten- + -p; cf. 1. ten-); (cf. Egyptian DnH, wing)

(170)?E-FA-M[H]A-NA ("womb [see #110]-thing=mare"), *u:"ma:[ⁿ]:, horse (<- *ew₁a"ma:n) [not a Chinese loan!] (-> umá, id.; 206); (see #110)

(171)P[H]E-$E ("thin-like"), *Fi-, slight (-> MJ hi-, id. [but not productive]; *); (IE pe:(i)-, *belittle; s+*pe:-, listed under sp(h)e:-; s+*pei-, *thin, listed under 2. sp(h)ei-, pull, span [*make thin])t

(172)KX[H]A-F[H]A-$E ("hurting-like"), *ka:"F₁a:i- (-> MJ kói, evil intention); (IE *kawi-, listed under kau-)

(173)T[H]O-F[H]A-MO-$E ("swelling-overall-like"), OJ tume, fingernail, toenail (-> tsume, id. ; 63); (IE teumi-, listed under te:u-, referring to the rounded hump of the fingernail; cf. Old Swedish þumi, thumb)

(174)ME-$E-T[H]O-F[H]A ("tongue-speak=notable-collections"), OJ *mitu, fullness, capacity (<- me"i-tou) (-> mitsu-rin, thick forest); (IE *meit-, in Old Irish me:it, greatness, listed under 4. me:-)

(175)P[H]A-$E-T[H]O-$E, ("flea-like=insect+tribe-like=swarm"), *"Fachi (<-*"Fya:ti <-*"Fayeto:i) (-> MJ hachi, bee, in mitsú-bachi, honeybee ); (IE pe:i-to-, swarm of bees, in Latvian spiêts, listed incorrectly under 3. sp(h)e:(i)-); cf. pe:(i)-; -pi in apis, bee; and cf. Egyptian pii, flea); [Japanese mítsu, honey, is ME-$E-TS[H]A-F[H]A, {"tongue-like=sweet-state-plural=sweetness}"; IE 1. meit(h)-, nourishment])

To investigate these correspondences in detail, see the

TABLE OF PL/IE/JAPANESE CORRESPONDENCES

return to

PROTO-LANGUAGE PHONEMES in IE and Japanese (essay and first 100 roots) ?

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