MON / HMONG COMPARISON TABLE

Tlazoltéotl

comparison.MON-HMONG.6_table.htm

Stone Guardian from Angkor Thom

TABLE
OF
PL / IE / MON / HMONG
CORRESPONDENCES

SECOND DRAFT

by Patrick C. Ryan
7/7/97 (revision)

number+i=(word) initial; number+m=medial (non-initial); number+f=(word) final
#=unattested (as yet); *=systematically irregular; :=long vowel; &=modified in combination

PROTO- LANGUAGE INDO- EUROPEAN MON / HMONG may be used for annotation may be used for annotation

?E
+
HE
HV⁽¹⁾

+
HV:
? (#)
+
h (#)
. .

?A
+
HA
HV
+
HV:
?(10, 11)
?(52)
0(48)
+
h(3)
h(56)
0(medial, 43)
. .

?O
+
HO
HV
+
HV:
? (#)
+
h (#)
. .

$E
+
HHE
yV
+
HV:
y(6)
i(1, 22, 24)
e(o+y, 17)
e(34)
i(38, 56, 58)
0(54)
+
0 (#)
. .

$A
+
HHA
yV
+
HV:
y(19, *27 only palatalizes the adjacent consonant)
i(36, 37, 43, 59, 60)
+
0(21)
. .

$O
+
HHO
yV
+
HV:
y (#)
+
0(#)
. .

P[?]E
+
P[H]E
b(h)/wV
+
pV
p(#)
+
p(#)
. .

P[?]A
+
P[H]A
b(h)/wV
+
pV
p(11)
+
p(22)
p(+l, 50)
. .

P[?]O
+
P[H]O
b(h)/wV
+
pV
p(#)
+
p(#)
. .

P[?]FE
+
PF[H]E
bhV
+
p[h]V:
b(#)
+
ph(#)
. .

P[?]FA
+
PF[H]A
bhV⁽²⁾

+
p[h]V:
b(#)
+
ph(#)
. .

P[?]FO
+
PF[H]O
bhV
+
p[h]V:
b(#)
+
ph(#)
. .

FE
+
F[H]E
wV
+
wV:
w(#)
+
w(#)
. .

FA
+
F[H]A
wV
+
wV:
w(18)
0<-*i(w)a(1)
u(20, 28)
u(44, 47, 50, 53, 54, 55, 57)
o(46)
+
w(4, 18)
u(3, 14, 27)
u(33, 39, 40, 42, 48)
. .

FO
+
F[H]O
wV
+
wV:
w(#)
+
w(#)
u'(9)
. .

T[?]E
+
T[H]E
dV
+
tV
t(12, 16)
+
t(#)
. .

T[?]A
+
T[H]A
dV
+
tV
t(14, 16, 24)
t(54)
d(44, 57)
+
t(#)
dh(55)
. .

T[?]O
+
T[H]O
dV
+
tV
t(#)
t(31)
+
t(21)
th(41)
. .

T[?]SE
+
TS[H]E
dhV
+
t[h]/twV:
d(28)
ts(37, 45, 60)
+
th(#)
. .

T[?]SA
+
TS[H]A
dhV⁽³⁾

+
t[h]/twV:
d(8)
tx(46)
+
th(#)
txh(42)
t(n+, 53)
. .

T[?]SO
+
TS[H]O
dhV
+
t[h]/twV:
d (#)
ts(38)
+
th(#)
t(+*r, 29; +w, 18)
. .

SE
+
S[H]E
sV
+
sV:
sh(#)
+
sh(#)
. .

SA
+
S[H]A
sV
+
sV:
s(#)
0(final, 27)
s(59)
+
s(#)
x(51)
. .

SO
+
S[H]O
sV
+
sV:
s(#)
+
s(#)
. .

K[?]E
+
K[H]E
g[^]V
+
k[^]V
k(2)
k(40)
+
k(#)
. .

K[?]A
+
K[H]A
gV
+
kV
k(20, 24)
c<-*ki(1)
+
k(10)
. .

K[?]O
+
K[H]O
gV
+
kV
k(#)
+
k(#)
k+l(4)
. .

K[?]XE
+
KX[H]E
g[^]hV
+
k[^][h]V:
k(13, 16)
+
kh(#)
kh(43)
. .

K[?]XA
+
KX[H]A
ghV⁽⁴⁾
+
k[h]V:
k(#)
+
kh(#)
k(+l, 9)
c(+i, 27)
. .

K[?]XO
+
KX[H]O
ghV
+
k[h]V:
k(#)
qh(49)
+
kh(#)
k(+r, #)
. .

XE
+
X[H]E
g[^][w]V
+
k[^][w]V
y(8)
+
y(#)
. .

XA
+
X[H]A
g[w]V
+
k[w]V
kw(19, 25)
+
kw(#)
. .

XO
+
X[H]O
g[w]V
+
k[w]V
kw(#)
+
kw(17)
. .

ME
+
M[H]E
mV
+
mV:
m (22)
+
m (#)
. .

MA
+
M[H]A
mV
+
mV:
m (#)
+
m(15)
. .

MO
+
M[H]O
mV
+
mV:
m(#)
+
m(#)
hm(30)
m(47, 48)
. .

NE
+
N[H]E
l[^]V
+
l[^]V:
l (#)
+
l (#)
l(p+, 50)
. .

NA
+
N[H]A
nV
+
lV:
n(6, 28)
n(35)
+
l (4, 9)
hn(33, 34)
. .

NO
+
N[H]O
nV
+
LV:
n(7)
n(32, 52)
+
n (#)
. .

QE
+
Q[H]E
(n)g[^]V
+
(n)k[^]V:
ng(#)
+
k(#)
. .

QA
+
Q[H]A
(n)gV
+
(n)kV:
ng(#)
ng(34)
+
k(#)
. .

QO
+
Q[H]O
(n)gV
+
(n)kV:
ng(#)
ng(30, 41)
+
k(#)
. .

RE
+
R[H]E
rV
+
rV:
r(20)
r(36)
`(45)
+
r(#)
`(intervocalic, 25, 29)
0(intervocalic, 14)
`(46)
. .

RA
+
R[H]A
rV
+
rV:
r(13)
`(intervocalic/final, 11, 12)
r(52, 58)
+
r(#)
r(39)
`(54)
. .

RO
+
R[H]O
rV
+
LV:
r(2)
+
l(#)
.

.

MON

(1)K[?]A-"$E-FA, cia-?, "eat"; (IE *gye- in gyeu-, "chew")

(2)K[?]E-"RO, kraw, "man"; (IE g[^]er-, "become mature")

(3)HA-"F[H]A, hù'-?, "not"; (IE 1.eu-, "lack, empty")

(4)K[H]O-"N[H]A-F[H]A, klù, "dark"; (IE 4. kel-, "dark")

(5)* withdrawn (loanword from Sanskrit per Eric Schiller) ?A-Q[H]A, ?aka-h, "sky"; (IE 2. ak[^]-, "sharp, pointed, angular, stone, *high")

(6)NA-"$E, nye-h, "his/her"; (IE ni-, listed under eno-, "that")

(7)"NO, naw-?, "this"; (IE no-, listed under eno-, "that")

(8)"T[?]SA-XE, day-?, "red"; (IE dheg[w]h-, "burn")

(9)KX[H]A-N[H]A-F[H]O, klu', "clear"; (IE 1. k[^]el-, "1. freeze, cold; 2. warm (burning)"; 2. k[^]leu-, "rinse, purify. *clear")

(10)K[H]A-?A, ka'?, "nice"; (IE ka:-, "like, desire, dear")

(11)"P[?]A-?A(-RE), pà?, "cut"; (IE 1. wa:-, "beat, wound"; [7. wer-, "rip up, scratch"); possibly, breathiness respresents a missing /r/?

(12)T[?]E-RA, tèa, "be hit"; (IE 4. der-, "skin, pull out the skin, split off, split"); or possibly T[?]E-R[H]A, (IE 3. (der-), "run (into?), step")

(13)K[?]XE-RA-T[H]O, kratkraw, "wash"; (IE 2. gher-, "rub"; gherto-, "milk, butter", if washing was oiling and scraping)

(14)T[?]A-"F[H]A-R[H]E, tua, "hand"; (IE dwer-, listed under 1. der-, "span of the hand"); if the original form was *de/ay, the appropriate PL form would be T[?]SE-$E, "finger-like", seen in IE only in compounds like dhe:ig[w]-, "stick, *poke"; dheig[^]h-, "knead"; and dhei-, "teat"

(15)"T[?]E-M[H]A, te'm, "know" (IE dem-, "put together")

(16)K[?]XE-T[?]A, ket, "take"; (IE ghed-, "hold, grab onto", listed under ghend-)

(17)X[H]O-$E, kwe-?-kwe-?, "much"; (IE k[w]ei-, "how much", listed under k[w]o-)

(18)TS[H]O-F[H]A, taw-?, plural; (IE -t(h)o, collective)

(19)XA-$A, kway, "walk"; (IE gwai-, listed under g[w]a:-, "go, come")

(20)K[?]A-RE-FA, karù', "cry"; (IE greu-, listed under 2. ger-, "cry hoarsely")

(21)T[H]O-HHA, toa, perfective; (IE -to, perfect participle)

(22)ME-$E-P[H]A, mìp, "happy"; (IE meip-, "smile", listed under 1. (s)mei-)

*(23) eliminated: not MK origin: K[H]E-N[H]A, kla'-?, "dog"; (IE 6. kel-, "call, scream, make noise, resound"; Lithuanian ka[~]le[*], "bitch")

(24)K[?]A-$E-T[?]A, kit, "bite"; (IE cf. geig[^]-, "bite")

(25)XA-R[H]E, kwè'a, "song" (vowel metathesis?); (IE 4. g[w]er(6)-, "lift the voice")

(26)HA-"M[H]A, hamaw, "smell"; (IE in om-, "raw, bitter, sour")

(27)KX[H]A-F[H]A-SA-$A, cu (<- *kius), "look"; (IE keusi-, listed under 1. keu-, "pay attention to, observe, look at")

(28)T[?]SE-FA-NA, dun, "cook"; (IE dhwen-, ""fly up (sparks), vaporize, curling smoke", listed under 4. dheu-, "steam, smoke, boil up")

(29)TS[H]O-R[H]E, tò', "be"; (IE ter-, "there", listed under 1. to-, "that"); (cf. Egyptian '3, "here, there")

HMONG

(some readers may be interested in the small Hmong-English dictionary available on the Internet prepared by Brian McKibben)

Since it appears to me that Hmong may be fairly closely related to Mon, I am going to include a few "cognates"that I believe I can find.

I will ignore tones, (b=high level; j=high falling; v=mid-rising; -=midlevel; s=mid-low level; g=breathy; m=low glottalized; d=low rising) breathiness (not g) will be indicated by `(grave accent) as above with Mon; and glottalized by ? (not m).

(30)M[H]O-QO, hmong(b), "people"; (IE meng-, "mass", listed under menegh-)

(31)T[?]O, n-taw(?) (-o diphthongized to -aw, "that"; (IE de-, demonstrative stem)

(32)NO, no, "this"; (IE no-, listed under eno-, "that"); cf. (7)

(33)N[H]A-F[H]A, hnu(b), "day"; ("shiny", the basis for leu- in leuk-, "illuminate, light")

(34)N[H]A-$E-QA, hneng(v), "crossbow"; (IE *leiq-, "bend", listed under 8. el-)

(35)NA, nw(s), "he/she"; (IE -n, "one"); (IE ne-, listed under eno-, "that"); cf. (6)

(36)RE-$A, ria(?), "knife"; (IE 1. rei-, "rip, scratch, cut")

(37)T[?]SE-$A ("plucked"), tsi(s), "not"; (IE *dhei-, listed under 3. dhe:-, "disappear")

(38)T[?]SO-$E, txi(v), "father"; (IE dhey-, listed under 1. dhe:-, "older family members")

(39)R[H]A-F[H]A ("fly-ing [up to]"), rau, "to; put"; (IE reu-, "hurry", listed under 3. er-, "bring up to a height", etc.)

(40)K[?]E-F[H]A ("male"+circumlocative, topic), ku, "I"; (IE in eg[^]o-, "I")

(41)T[H]O-QO ("approach->bring-jar"), thong(b), "bucket"; (IE 1. teng-, "dampen"; or ta(n)g-, "move, attack")

(42)TS[H]A-F[H]A, txhua, "all"; (IE -t(h)a:, collective); cf. (18)

(43)KX[H]E-$A-HA, khia(v), "run"; (IE ke:i-, "set in movement")

(44)T[?]A-FA, du(b), "black"; (IE da:u-, burn singe")

(45)T[?]SE-RE, tsè, "cast away, desist"; (IE 4. dher-, "jump, cover (in coition)"; 5. dher-, "garbage, defecate")

(46)T[?]SA-FA-R[H]E, txò, "arrive"; (IE dhwe/e:r-, "door, gate")

(47)M[H]O-F[H]A, mu(s), "go"; (IE meu-, "push away")

(48)M[H]O-F[H]A-?A, mua(b), "put"; (IE mew6-, listed under meu-, "push away")

(49)K[?]XO ("hole"), qho(v), "place"; (IE 1. ghe:-, "stand open, yawning")

(50)P[H]A-N[H]E-F[H]A ("flat-slid(e)-ing"), plau(b), "hair"; (IE 3. b. pel-, "cover, skin, pelt"; in pleuk-, "hair")

(51)S[H]A, xa(v), "want"; (IE sa:-, "full, satisfy")

(52)NO-RA-?A ("not-tall"="short"-> "low"), nra?, "low"; (IE 2. ner-, ("underneath"); possibly also in nà hmo, "yesterday", if from NO-RA M[H]O, "under move".

(53)TS[H]A-F[H]A ("rear-ing up"), n-tau(s), "hit"; (IE 1. (s)teu-, "push, hit")

(54)T[?]A-$E-FA-R[H]A, tuà, "die"; (IE dyeu-, "sky", listed under 1. dei-, "gleam"; 3. er-, "bring up to a height")

(55)T[H]A-F[H]A ("seep-ing"), dhau, "pass"; (IE ta:u-, listed under ta:-, "melt, flow")

(56)HA-$E, hai(s), "say"; (IE 5. ai-, "important speech")

(57)T[?]A-FA, dua, "again"; (IE dwo:(u), "two")

(58)RA-$E, ri(s), "carry"; (IE (e)re(i)-, listed under 3. er-, "bring to a height")

(59)SA-$A ("strong-eye"), sai(b), "look"; (IE *se:i-, "notice, see, show, scent, track", listed under 1. sek[w]-; (cf. Egyptian si(3), "recognize, perceive, know, be aware of"); (cf. Sumerian si-17, *see (J. 798 = si-17, means "see")

(60)T[?]SE-$A ("finger=point-eye"), n-tsia(s), "gaze"; (IE dhey6-, "see, look")

I suspect that the pre-nasalized obstruents of Hmong are not originally phonemic but a result of a classifier, NA, "one", being attached to countable concepts. If this is correct, there should be a semantic relationship between nCVC and CVC; but possibly, in some words, a negative; e.g. n-ra?, "low", might be analyzed as "not-high"(NO-RA-?A).

NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS

For an explanation of the Proto-Language and Indo-European notational conventions used in these essays, press here.

Mon

p, ph, b (implosive), m, w
t, th, d (implosive), n, ny, s, sh
c, ch
k, kh, -, ng, -
?, y, h

Hmong

(not available yet)

Combinatory Modifications

for modifications of the vowels and consonants in combination, see the

Table of Modifications

SUMMARY OF PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES FROM PL TO MON

Assumptions

1. Mon

a. The pharynal voiced spirant, $, became /j/, which we will write as y;

b. The palatal glide was lost after changing NE and N[H]E to l.

c. In the affricate series, P[?]F and T[?]S became implosive, written b and d.

1) ki -> (/tsh/), written c (1, 27).

d. "o diphthongizes to /au/, written aw (2, 7, 17); "a: diphthongizes to aw (26)

e. k before i becomes /k^y/ then /tsh/, written c (1);

f. the sequence *iwa becomes ia (1); *ewa becomes aw (13);

g. in the sequence *khl, kh loses its aspiration -> kl(9);

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Broadwell, George Arron etal. 1997. A hypertext grammar of the Mon language
(http://www.albany.edu/anthro/mon/)

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca and Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco. 1995. The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. New York etal. Helix Books. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Décsy, Gyula. 1988. A Select Catalog of Language Universals. Bibliotheca Nostratica, Vol. 8. Bloomington: Eurolingua

Fuller, Judith Wheaton. 1988. Topic and Comment in Hmong. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club, Indiana University

Klimov, Georgij A. 1977. Tipologija Jazykov Aktivnogo Stroja. Moscow: Nauka

..............................................1983. Printsipy Kontensivnoi Tipologij. Moscow: Nauka

Lehmann, Winfred P. ed. 1978. Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.

McKibben, Brian. ?. On-Line Hmong-English Dictionary @ http://www.citynet.net/personal/brianm/hmdict/list.htm

Morris, William (ed.). 1976. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans by Calvert Watkins (pp. 1496-1502); Indo-European Roots (pp. 1505-1550). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company

Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Volume I. Bern and Munich: Francke Verlag

Ruhlen, Merritt. 1994a. The Origin of Language Tracing Evolution of the Mother Tongue. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, and Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

..........................................1994b. On the Origin of Languages Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press

1995. A Note on Amerind Pronouns. Mother Tongue 24. March 1995.

Ryan, Patrick C. 1990. Pre-Nostratic "Pronouns" Early Noun Substitutions. Mother Tongue 11. September 1990.

..........................................1994. Proto-Language "He" and "It" IE -l/-n Nouns. Dhumbadji! Vol. 1, No. 4. Winter 1994.

..........................................1996. Merritt Ruhlen's Two Books on Language Origins. (Review). Eurasian Studies Yearbook. Vol. 68(1996). Berlin, Bloomington, London, Paris, and Toronto: Eurolingua

ADDITIONAL
BIBLIOGRAPHY

PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES

In order for readers to judge the semantic plausibility of the analysis of Proto-Language (PL) compounds suggested here, I am including access to a table of Proto-Language monosyllables and the meanings I have provisionally assigned.

Most assignments can be exhaustively supported by data from actually attested forms but a few animates are very doubtful; and this list does not represent the "final" solution of these questions, which will only be approached when other scholars assist in refining it.

Patrick C. Ryan
Summer 1997

the latest revision of this document can be found at
HTTP://WWW.GEOCITIES.COM/Athens/Forum/2803/comparison.MON-HMONG.6_table.htm

Patrick C. Ryan * 9115 West 34th Street - Little Rock, AR 72204-4441 * (501)227-9947
PROTO-LANGUAGE@WorldNet.att.net

1.
The Pontic stage of the Proto-Language, from which Indo-European and Afrasian developed, had only one V : (a) [possibly with a schwa {6} allophone], which became e, a, or o in Indo-European according to the Ablautstufe required by the grammatical form; and i, a, or u in Afrasian, dependent on vowel patterning, which may, in turn, have been influenced by the former glides.

2.
Final IE voiced aspirated stops + a can become unaspirated: -bha -> b(a); -gha -> -g(a); -dha-> -d(a).

3.
v. 2. supra

4.
v. 2. supra

comparison.MON-HMONG.6_table.htm

TABLE
OF
PL / IE / MON / HMONG
CORRESPONDENCES

SECOND DRAFT

MON

HMONG

(some readers may be interested in the small Hmong-English dictionary available on the Internet prepared by Brian McKibben)

Table of Modifications

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ADDITIONAL
BIBLIOGRAPHY

PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES

**Final IE voiced aspirated stops + a can become unaspirated: -bha -> b(a); -gha -> -g(a); -dha-> -d(a).**

v. 2. supra

v. 2. supra

comparison.MON-HMONG.6_table.htm

TABLE OF PL / IE / MON / HMONG CORRESPONDENCES

SECOND DRAFT

MON

HMONG

(some readers may be interested in the small Hmong-English dictionary available on the Internet prepared by Brian McKibben)

Table of Modifications

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES

Final IE voiced aspirated stops + a can become unaspirated: -bha -> b(a); -gha -> -g(a); -dha-> -d(a).

v. 2. supra

v. 2. supra

TABLE
OF
PL / IE / MON / HMONG
CORRESPONDENCES

ADDITIONAL
BIBLIOGRAPHY

**Final IE voiced aspirated stops + a can become unaspirated: -bha -> b(a); -gha -> -g(a); -dha-> -d(a).**