Tlazoltéotl
comparison.URALIC.7.htm
Forest Birth, Steve Handschu, 1974



The purpose of this short essay is to establish as a hypothesis that IE and Uralic are both descended from a common ancestor, which, I term the Proto-Language — from the form into which it had developed by about 60-40K BPE.

This date is based on the estimates of Cavalli-Sforza for the separation of the peoples of Asia and Europe (The Great Human Diasporas, p. 123) from the "main" branch of the people speaking the Proto-Language.

During this phase of development, the Proto-Language was passing out of a ergative-type morphology into an nominative-type morphology (G. A. Klimov).

Although Uralic "modifiers overwhelmingly precede their heads", which is a further correlate of SOV typology, Uralic does not presently exhibit SOV word order.

Phonologically, it had already reached a stage of development in which the oldest semantic contrasts of C+E/ C+A/ C+O had been replaced by CyV/ CV/ CwV.

In the Table of Correspondence found after the listing of lexical cognates below, the column entitled PROTO-LANGUAGE shows the earliest syllables before vocalic contrasts were replaced by a contrast of glides and no glide (during the Pontic stage: 60-40K BPE).

Similar tables of equivalence can and have been constructed for the Proto-Language, IE and Afrasian (Egyptian and Arabic), Altaic, Beng (Southern Mandé), Hurrian, Japanese, Mon/Hmong, Nama (Khoisan), (Sino-)Tibetan, Sumerian, and Uralic.



PL / IE / URALIC LEXICAL COMPARISONS

(IE entries in parentheses are keywords in Pokorny 1959 unless marked by *)

[bold entries are Proto-Uralic, taken from Décsy 1990]

((NOTE: Nenets vocabulary has not been keyed. ))





(1)SE-$E-T[H]O, sita/ä, "excrement"; (IE sei- + -to)

(2)SA-$E-NA, senä, "vein, tendon, sinew"; (IE sei-no-, listed under 3. se:(i)-)

(3)SA-$E-N[H]A, syala, "bind"; (IE sei-lo-, listed under 3. se:(i)-)

(4)T[H]O-$E, te, "you"; (IE tyo-, listed under 1. to-; toi, listed under tu/u:-)

(5)T[H]O, ta/ä, "that, this"; (IE 1. to-)

(6)T[?]SO-K[?]XA, taka, "hang, stick, get stuck"; (IE s+dhegh-, listed under stegh-)

(7)P[H]O-F[H]A, puva, "blow"; (IE 1. pu/u:-)

(8)SE-$E, säyä, "pus"; (IE sei-)

(9)P[H]E-N[H]A-$E, pil-mä, "dark"; (IE peli- + -mo, listed under 6. pel-)

(10)ME-$E-TS[H]A, mätä (for *myätä; cf. Nenets mya?), "tent"; (IE 1. meit(h)-; cf. also Egyptian m(i)D.t, "byre"; N.B.: the semantics are unusual - ME, "what is expelled (protrudes)", became "*tent-pole", then pars pro toto, "*tent"; and in Sumerian me (J. 889), "(canopy of) heaven"; in common Uralic, AA, and IE, it has been supplemented with TS[H]A, "stand", to differentiate it from other meanings of ME-$E)

(11)X[H]O-N[H]A, kala (cf. Nenets xalya), "fish"; (IE kwalo-s; 1. kwel-, "move one's self around, school")

(12)?A-MA-$E, emä (for *ämyä), "mother"; (IE ami:, listed under am(m)a)

(13)?A-T[H]O-$E, ätyä, father; (IE *aty- as att- and ati, listed under a/a:tos); there is also ityä, "father", corresponding to imä, "old woman"; this suggests a distinction between "?A, family" and "?A-$E, family-like"; whether these are to be differentiated by time or by origin remains a question); the basic meaning of ?A-($E-)T[H]O is "consort, someone who joins a spouse", contrasting with ?A-P[H]O, "biological father", seen in appa, "father" and apa, "older sister, aunt" (?A-P[H]O-HA)

(14)FA-NA-$E, onya, "tame, good-natured"; (IE weny-, listed under 1. wen-)

(15)PF[H]O-$E, paya, "kind of fish"; (IE pei- in peisk-)

(16)P[?]FE-RE, para (for *pärä?), "cut"; (IE 3. bher-)

(17)FA-RA ("round-back"), ora, "squirrel"; (IE 13. wer-)

(18)FO-T[?]A-$A, otya, "see, protect"; (IE 2. w(e)di-; really, "given ear = heard")

(19)NA-T[H]O, nata, "mucus"; (IE s+net-, listed under sna:-)

(20)M[H]E-$A-NA, menä, "go"; (IE mein-, listed under 3. mei-)

(21)M[H]A-T[?]SO-$E, maydha, "forest"; (IE medhyo-, "*forest [cf. Old Prussian median, "forest"], listed under medhi-)

(22)M[H]A-Q[H]A-T[H]O, mäktä, "hill" [cf. manga, "land"]; (IE *ma:(n)k-to-, "highland", listed incorrectly under ma:k[^]-)

(23)K[H]E-$E-FE ("strong grayish-white"), koya, "man/dawn, sunrise" [cf. also K[H]E-$E-FE-R[H]A in koyara, "man"; K[H]E-$E-FE-M[H]O in koyama, "man"]; (IE k[^]ei-(wa-)(ro-), listed under 2. k[^]ei-; cf. also k[^]ei-mo-, listed under 1. k[^]ei-)

(24)K[?]XO-N[H]A-$A, kelä, "tongue, language"; (IE gheli-, listed under ghel-)

(25)KX[H]O-$E-P[?]A, koyva, "dig, burrow, scoop"; (IE s+keib-, listed under ske/e:i-)

(26)K[H]O-F[H]A-T[?]SO-$E, kudhya, "cover"; (IE s+keu-dh-(*y-), listed under 2. (s)keu-)

(27)KX[H]O-RE-FA, kura, "knife"; (IE s+keru-, listed under 4. (s)ker-)

(28)Q[H]E-F[H]A-SE, kusa, "cough (wheeze?)"; (IE k[^]us-, listed under k[^]wes-; cf. also kisä, "cough", with k[^]weis-, listed under 2. k[^]wei-)

(29)K[?]XE-FA-MO, kuntya, "urine" (from *kum-tya?); (IE in g[^]heu-mo-, listed under g[^]heu-)

(30)K[H]O-MO, kama, "peel, skin"; (IE *kem- for k[^]em-, listed under 3. k[^]em- [for *kemy-?])

(31)Q[H]A-RA/RO-KX[H]A ("high-back/high-lip=loud+bird"), karka, "crane"; (IE 2. kar- ['proud, bellow'] + -ka, forms bird names = *karak-, "*crane", in Old Indian kara:yika:, "kind of crane", listed under 1. ker-); KX[H]A, originally "bee", became a formant for 'flying things')

(32)P[H]E-$E-QO ("gray-head"), pingä, "hazelhen"; (IE s+pingo-, "sparrow, finch", listed under (s)pingo-; *pei-, "*gray", in Lithuanian pìlkas, "gray", listed under 6. pel- [see (9) above for variation pi-/pil-, "*gray", in pimä/pilmä, "dark"]; *ga-, "*skull", in gag-)

(33)P[H]O-F[H]A-SO-K[H]O, poska, "cheek"; (IE *pusk- in Czech pysk, "snout, animal mouth with thick lips", listed under 1. pu/u:-)

(34)P[H]E-NA-FA, puna, "spin, braid, plait"; (IE penu-, listed under 1. (s)pen-(d-))

(35)P[?]FA-RE-FA, pura, rye; (IE bharu-, listed under bhar-; with SE, "seed", instead of FA (definite small plural), bhares-)

(36)P[?]FO-RE-FA, pura, "drill"; (IE 1. bhre/e:u-)

(37)P[?]FO-FA-K[?]O, puk-ta, "jump, run"; (IE bheug-to- in Lithuanian bú:gti, "be startled", listed under 1. bheug-)

(38)P[H]A-F[H]A-K[?]XA-$E, pujka, "buttocks"; (IE pu-g-(*y-), "buttocks", listed incorrectly under 1. pu/u:-); (cf. Egyptian pHw [for *pwH?])

(39)T[H]O-N[H]A-F[H]A, tula, "come" (cf. Nenets to-, "come"); (IE s+*telu-, "*come", in Greek stéllo:, "let come", listed incorrectly under 3. stel-; *telu-, "*come", in Welsh tlawd, "carried", listed incorrectly under 1. tel-; in the meanings "lift/set up", the root is T[H]SA-N[H]A)

(40)"T[?]E-N[H]A-$A, talya, "skin, fur"; (IE dely-, listed under 3. del-)

(41)T[?]A-P[H]A, tapa, "hit, beat"; (IE dap-, listed incorrectly under da:-)

(42)T[?]A-$A, taya, "break"; (IE dai-, listed under da:-)

(43)T[H]A-$E-RO, tyora, "run, drip"; (IE ti:-ro-, listed under ta/a:-)

(44)T[H]O-$E-RO, tyara, "hard, stable"; (IE s+ti:-ro-, listed under sta:i-)

(45)T[H]SO-F[H]A-R[H]E, tora, "fight, quarrel"; (IE 1. twer-)

(46)SA-$E-FA-MO, syuma, "cloth, fabric"; (IE syu-mo-, listed under syu:-)

(47)SO-FA-N[H]A-$E, syula, "container"; (IE swel-(*y-), listed under 1. swel-(k-))

(48)HHA-F[H]A-T[?]O-$E, vetä, "water"; (*awedi [in Avestain vaii-], listed under 9. aw(e)-)

(49)?E-FA-$A, vuya, "see"; (IE awe:i-, listed under 8. aw-)

(50)P[?]O-RO, vora, "hill, peak"; (IE 2. wer-)

(51)FE-R[H]O, ula, "many, big, very much"; (IE wal-)

(52)FE-$E, väyä, "long hairs (of an animal)"; (IE 1. wei-)

(53)FA-T[?]SE-K[H]O, vadhka, "creek"; (IE wa:dh- + -ko, diminutive)

(54)F[H]A-RHA ("wolf-bird"), vara, "crow"; (IE wer- in wra:n-, "crow", listed under 12. wer-)

(55)FA-Q[H]O-$E, vingä, "belt"; (IE s+wenky-, listed under sweng-)

(56)FO-T[?]E, vata, "trace down, follow"; (IE wed-, listed under 2. wedh-)

(57)FO-P[H]A, vopa, "sleeping place (in snow)"; (IE s+wep-, listed under 1. swep-)

(58)F[H]E-NA(-FA), vuna, "forget"; (IE in s+wen+dh-, listed under (s)wendh-)

(59)SA-QA-$E, sengä, "arm (part of the body)"; (IE sengy-, listed under 2. seg-, "lift")

(60)SO-N[H]A, sala, "hide, steal"; (IE 3. sel-)

(61)SA-QE, sanga, "arrive, reach"; (IE seng-, listed under 2. seg-, "touch")

(62)SA-QE-FA, songa, "go in, penetrate"; (IE *seng-eu, listed under sengw-)

(63)SA-FO-KX[H]A(-?A)-TS[H]O ("strong-curl-stick = stir(rer)+go round"), sokta, "mix, stir"; (IE seuket-, listed under 3. seu-; s+wak-, listed under w6k-)

(64)SA-FO-QA, sunga, "row"; (IE s+weng-, listed under sweng-)

(65)P[?]FO-FA ("collection of trunks = forest"), puva, "tree, wood"; (IE bheu-)

(66)P[H]A-R[H]E-$E, pirä, "circle"; (IE peri-, "around", listed under 2. per-)

(67)P[H]A-QO, pängä, "head"; (IE pang-, listed under pank-)

(68)P[H]A-T[?]SA-$E(-P[?]FO), pedhpä, "shoulder blade"; (IE s+*pedhy-, listed under sp(h)e:- + -bh, "*place")

(69)P[H]E-N[H]A-$E, pelä, "fear, be afraid"; (IE pely-, listed under 1. pel-, "shake")

(70)PF[H]O-F[H]A-NA, puna, "break wind, flatulate"; (IE *peun- in Middle Dutch vuns, "musty", listed under 2. pen-)

(71)K[?]XO-FA-K[?]XO(-FA) ("hole"+imperfective="empty out"; cf. Latin faveo:, "be quiet"; the idea seems to be "to empty out non-related thoughts", and concentrate on something), koka, "see, find"; (IE ghoug(h)- in German gucken, listed under ghow(e:)-;) (cf. Egyptian xw, "protect")

(72)?E-S[H]A-$O, asya, "place"; (IE *eseyo-, causative of e/e:s-)

(73)HHE-N[H]A, älä, "lift, carry"; (IE 6. el-)

(74)?A-($E-)K[H]O ("family little [one]"), ekä, "uncle, older male relative"; akka:, "mother" (this term [-K[H]O] originally designated a family member with affection; later, it was specialized to mean "sibling"; and still later, the primary form was taken to mean "brother" (Arabic ?akhun) with feminine formants for "sister"; in the sense of "brother/sister" of the "father/mother", it became "uncle/aunt")

(75)?A-NA(-$E), anya, "mother, aunt"; (IE 1. an-; means only "family member"; for P[H]O ("swollen, erect penis= father"), cf. anapa (?A-NA-P[H]O-HA = "family member + father" + feminine [IE -a:])

(76)XE-XE(-K[H]O), shäshkä, "otter"; (IE *g[^]we-g[^]we- for g[^](h)eg[^]h- + -ko, diminutive; cf. Lithuanian êkas (from *êka), "porcupine"; is a result of IE g[^]w)

(77)X[H]E-R[H]E-F[H]A, shura, "cut, divide"; (IE kweru-, "chew")

(78)SA-$E-RE, sjerä, "order, set"; (IE 3. se:(i)- + -r; seir- (cf. Greek heiro:, "order"), listed under 4. ser-)

(79)S[H]A-N[H]A-$E ("salty"), sjilä, "fat, bacon"; (IE sali-, listed under 1. sal-; cf. also selp-, "fat, butter, lard")

(80)XE-RE-FA ("cause to bristle, as fur"); shorva, "dry (rather *heating)"; (IE g^werew-, listed under g^wer-)

(81)SA-?E-N[H]A-MA ("strong-eye-move=look+tool"), syilmä, "eye"; (IE se:-(w-) [-FA, "strong eyes"; cf. Nenets sæw, eye], listed under 2. sekw-; possibly 6. sel-; (cf. Egyptian zi3, "recognize" [SA-?E-RE])

(82)T[H]O-$A-RO, tirä, full; (IE s+ta:i-ro-, listed under sta:i-)

(83)T[H]O-$E, tiyä, "narrow, tight"; (IE s+ta:i-, listed under sta:i-)

(84)$O-FA-T[H]O, yuta, "connect"; (IE yeu-to-, listed under 2. yeu-)

(85)QA, ängä, "chin"; (IE ang-, listed under 2. ank-)

(86)KX[H]A-$E-KX[H]A-$E ("bee-like", from the needlelike beak), chichä, "small bird"; (IE *kiki- [(cf. Old Indian kiki], listed under kik-)

(87)KX[H]A-?A-KX[H]A-FA, chucha, "pole, rod, bar (*stake)"; (IE keku-, *stake; cf. Old Prussian queke, "fence-post" [KX[H]A-FA-KX[H]A-?A ?])

(88)HA-N[H]A-$E ("breathing-like"), elä, "live"; (IE *aly-, listed under 2. al-)

(89)NO-$E-T[H]O ("stomach-like=passion, bravery"+large definite plural), noyta (for *na/äyta?), "shaman"; (IE nei-to-, "*leader", listed under 1. nei-; nei-to-, "hero", listed under 2. nei-)

(90)K[H]O-N[H]A ("start to redden=bleed"), kala, "(coagulated) blood"; (IE 4. kel-)

(91)K[H]O-$E ("childlike"), kaya, "young fowl"; (IE 1. k[^]ei-)

(92)N[H]A-$E, liyä, "treesap, syrup"; (IE 4. le:i-)

(93)NA-($E-)K[?]XA ("no-hair=bare"), njaka, "neck"; (I believe that OHG hnac is a composite of h- + neg(h)-, a better reconstruction for nogw-; cf. IE *neig-ro, "black", which refers to hairlessness not color; (cf. Egyptian nHsi, "Nubian")

(94)RHO-F[H]A-$E ("leonine"), luya, "marten"; (IE *lo:wey-)

(95)N[H]A-P[H]A, lapa, "flat"; (IE le:p-)

(96)M[H]A-N[H]A-F[H]A, mola, "break"; (IE melu-, listed under 1. mel-)

(97)ME-NA-FA, mona, "say"; (IE *menu-, listed under 3. men-)

(98)PF[H]A-N[H]A-$O, palya, "thick"; (IE peleyo-, listed under 1. pel-)

(99)P[H]A-N[H]A, pälä, "horsefly"; (IE *pel- in plou-, listed under blou-; 1. pel-)

(100)N[H]E-$E-Q[H]O, nyingä, "worm"; (IE s+*leink-, listed under slenk-)

(101)P[?]FA-N[H]A, pala, "bit, bite"; (IE s+*bhel- in 1. (s)p(h)el-)

(102)P[?]FA-$A ("radiated [warmth]"), peyä, "cook"; (IE bhey-, listed under bhe:-)

(103)P[?]FE-$E-T[?]A-$E, päytyä, "hatchet"; (IE bheidy-, listed under bheid-)

(104)?A-$E-MA ("sharp-tool"); äymä, "needle"; (IE 4. a/a:i-, "*sharp")

(105)?A-$E-NA ("top-like=tall-thing"), enä, "big, great"; (IE ain- in Old Indian iná, "strong", listed under 2. ai-)

(106)KX[H]E-NA-KX[H]E, chancha, "go, progress"; (IE k[^](h)en- in 4. ken- + -k = k[^]enk-)

(107)K[?]E-RE, yara/yärä, "circle"; (IE *g[^]er- (cf. g[^]ers-) in 3. ger-)

(108)KX[H]E-F[H]A-KX[H]E, chocha, "wipe clean, sweep"; (IE (s)k[^]e/e:u- + -k[^]-)

(109)K[?]XE-N[H]A, yälä/yala, "light, sun, day"; (IE 1. g[^]hel-)

(110)K[H]A-RO-M[H]A, karma, "will"; (IE ka-ro- + *-mo, listed under ka:-; cf. ka:-mo-, "desire")

(111)

(112)KX[H]A-NA, kana, "call"; (IE kan-)

(113)K[?]E-NA-FA-T[H]O, kunta, "community, kin, clan"; (IE g[^]enu-to-, listed under 1. g[^]en-)

(114)$A-RO ("very much"), ärä, "year"; (IE ye:-ro-) (cf. erä, "big, many"); (cf. $A-NO ("much-basket", enä/ana, "much, big, many"; IE 2. en-, "year")

(115)SO-FA ("pulling, sucking"), *su, "mouth" (cf. Vogul suu); (IE 1. seu-)

(116)HHE-NA-FA ("starting to move something"), Nenets nú-, "stand"; (IE Hneu- -> *ne:u-, listed under 2. neu-)

(117)F[H]A-$E ("wolf-like"), Nenets we?, "dog"; (IE wai-lo-s, listed under wai-)

(118)ME ("tongue=converse"), Nenets ma?-, "say"; (IE 4. me:-, "great = being discussed")

(119)XE-?A ("parted"), Nenets xæ-, "depart"; (IE gwa:-)

(120)X[H]E-F[H]A-$E-N[H]E ("curls-like-entwine"), Nenets xonyo-, "sleep"; (IE kwi:-lo-, listed under kwey6-)

(121)T[H]O-RHE-$O, Nenets tira, "to dry"; (IE in ters-)

(122)T[H]A-$E-SE, tesø, "drip"; (IE ta:is-, listed under ta:-)

(123)QO-?A ("be attached"), Nenets ngæ-, "to be"; (no IE equivalent)

(124)Q[H]A-RA, Nenets ngar°, "largeness"; (IE ak[^]ro- [for *a(n)k-ro], listed under 2. ak[^]-)

(125)$A-K[?]E ("stone-prick"), Nenets yakø, "itch"; (IE [y]ag[^]- in English itch)

(126)P[?]FE-T[?]SO-FA, pudha, "bag" (cf. Nenets padw); (IE *bhedhu-, listed under 1. bhedh-)

(127)$A-MO ("much-dirt"), Nenets yam, "sea"; (cf. AA yam)

(128)ME-NA, Nenets møn°?, "lump"; (IE 1. men-)

(129)M[H]A-$E, Nenets me-, to be (at?); (cf. Sumerian me-, "to be")

(130)HHA-X[H]O-$E, yoka, "river" (for *yaka?; cf. yøxa); (IE *akwai-, listed under akwa:-)

(131)P[?]FE-T[?]SA, pad°nø, "to be writing"; (IE bhedh-)

(132)X[H]E-$E-T[H]O, xetø, "tell"; (IE 1. kwei-(t-))

(133)TS[H]E-NA-$O, Nenets tønya, "exist"; (IE teneyo-, listed under 1. ten-)

(134)TS[H]O-N[H]A-F[H]A, Nenets tola, "read"; (IE *telew-, listed under 1. tel-)

(135)XA-T[?]SE(-$O), Nenets xada, "kill"; (IE gwhei(6-))



COMMENT: I feel fairly certain that when the relationship of Uralic and IE through the Proto-Language is recognized, a number of "Germanic loanwords" will be able to be re-classified as part of the common inheritance. For this reason, I have limited the number of examples to around 100, having used around 200 in previous essays for (Sino-)Tibetan and Altaic.







PL MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN URALIC

(not included under lexical headings)

press here to see

.








The correspondence of 134 roots and 47+ formants suffices for a preliminary study to establish the presumption of a genetic relationship.









to investigate these phonological correspondences in detail, see the


TABLE OF PL / IE / URALIC CORRESPONDENCES











NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS



For an explanation of the Proto-Language and Indo-European notational conventions used in these essays, press here

.



(Proto-)Uralic

The notation and the roots discussed above follow the reconstrcutions of Gyula Décsy in his "The Uralic Protolanguage: Comprehensive Reconstruction", 1990, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.

(Proto-)Uralic Phonemes:

k, q (ng),

t, ty, s, sy, n, ny

ch

sh

dh, dhy

p, v, m

y

r

l, ly

a, o, u

ä, e, i









Combinatory Modifications

for modifications of the vowels and consonants in combination, see the

Table of Modifications









PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES



In order for readers to judge the semantic plausibility of the analysis of Proto-Language (PL) compounds suggested here, I am including access to a table of Proto-Language monosyllables and the meanings I have provisionally assigned.

Most assignments can be exhaustively supported by data from actually attested forms but a few animates are very doubtful; and this list does not represent the "final" solution of these questions, which will only be approached when other scholars assist in refining it.

Patrick C. Ryan

Summer 1997









URALIC BIBLIOGRAPHY









ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY









the latest revision of this document can be found at

HTTP://WWW.GEOCITIES.COM/Athens/Forum/2803/comparison.URALIC.7.htm

Patrick C. Ryan * 9115 West 34th Street - Little Rock, AR 72204-4441* (501)227-9947

PROTO-LANGUAGE@WorldNet.att.net