comparison.URALIC.7_morphology.htm

PROTO-LANGUAGE PHONEMES





in IE and Uralic


by Patrick C. Ryan

(7/9/97)

PL MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN URALIC

{not included under lexical headings}

(A1)X[H]O (large indefinite animate plural), ko/e, "who" (cf. Nenets xibya, "who?"; xurka, "what kind?"; (IE k[w]o)

(A2)T[H]O-$E, -tya in kun-tya, "urine"; -ti, nomina actionis; (cf. IE sru-ti-s, "a flowing, streaming", from sreu-)

(A3)KX[H]A ("bee"), -ka/ä, former of bird names in kaya(ka), karka, kula(ka), päkä, tyenktyä; (IE -ka, former of bird names)

(A4)K[H]O, -ka in pos-ka, "cheek" (see also #33, 53, 76); (IE -ko, diminutive)

(A5)S[H]O, sä, "he/she/it"; (IE so(s); secondary -s, 2^nd p. sing. of active)

(A6)HA(-$E), e, "no, not"; (IE in unrecognized *e(:y)-, negative, in Old Indian a-, negative)

(A7)?E-$E, e, "this"; (IE ei-, "this, he", listed under 3. e-)

(A8)FA/F[H]A (small definite plural) in NA-FA, no, "those"; T[H]O-F[H]A, to, "those"; o, "those" (IE from ?E [*a/ä]; (IE -u, dual [really definite small plural] formant)

A) Nenets -wa (not -*ma!), imperfective infinitive; the idea behind this formant is that a definite small number of repetitions implies activity without completion; (IE in nomina actionisin -we/o(n) and Old Indian active present participle in -u for s-desideratives)

(A9)NA ("one", definitizer); -n, genitive; na/nä, "this"; (not found in IE as a genitive, which has inherited -y [from -$E, -like", an adjectivizer] but IE has -n, nominal suffix; and present in Nostratic through AA: Arabic -l (from animate N[H]A); Egyptian n, genitival particle, shown to be an inflected article by its agreeing with foregoing noun, varyingfor feminine (n.t) and plural ([i]nw); [corresponds to no in Japanese, the particle for expressing possession]; IE in -ino, secondary adjectives; -ino, pronominal possessive)

A) -na/ä, denominal noun: Hungarian vad, wild -> vadon, wilderness; deverbal noun

(A10)ME-$E ("tongue-like = speaker"), in -me, "I/we"; (IE 1. me-)

(A11)S[H]O-F[H]A ("clan-s=good")in Nenets swa, "good"

(A12)-KX[H]E ("fast, busy"), -cha, deverbative in #106; (IE in -sk[^]-, former of presents, iteratives, distributive, repetitive, continuative, intensive)

(A13)T[H]O (definite animate plural), -t collective in #89; (IE -to, collective)

(A14)-$O, causative; -y in #72, #98; (IE -eyo, causative)

(A15)-$E, ("-like); -y in #4, #8, #9, #12, #13, #14, etc.; (IE -i, relationship of any kind to root; locative in -i (or from $A, "under"?); the earliest genitive is $E, "-like", the -i/ï element of the Altaic forms; -i, genitive; -yo/-iyo, adjectives of possession/origin; (cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -yi, genitive [$E-$E], which has been supplemented by -q, "*attached"); the IE locative in -i is originally a genitive (if not subessive $A, "under"); an alternative form, $E-$E, seen in IE -iyo, AA -iya (Egyptian -ii), and (Sino-)Tibetan -yi, can also be seen (unless from dissimilated HHE-HHE); (AA -y, gentilic; -i, genitive),

(A16)-MO ("overall"), -ma, superlative in #9 (cf. also Nenets ngar, "largeness" -> ngarm-, "become larger"; (IE -mo, superlative)

(A17)SOV is the earliest Uralic word-order as shown by Samoyed, Obugruc, and Cheremis, corresponding to SOV established by W. P. Lehmann for IE; SOV word-order stems from the language of ergative-type phase, where the transitive subject is only loosely linked to the object-verb, which is primary; this is proved by the invariable rectum-regens word order of Uralic and Altaic (except Northern Tungus).

(A18)-QO ("bag"), -ka/ä, non-singular; (IE -ng collectives)

(A19)-N[H]A ("start to..."), -l, inchoative (perhaps this has been weakened to mean only 'move'); (not formerly recognized in IE but cf. Armenian infinitive in -l)

(A20)-M[H]A, -a/ä, accusative; (IE -m, accusative; PL M[H]A is "activity at"; it was originally used primarily with animate nouns to indicate -- in the absence of an expressed animate subject -- was the target of the action; obviously, it could also be used as a locative; neuters acquired -m secondarily, originally only as locatives)

(A21)-N[H]A, -la/ä, inessive ("inside")

(A22)-N[H]O, -na/ä, illative ("into")

(A23)-N[H]E, -nja/ä, exlative ("out of")

(A24)-T[H]E, -ta/ä, ablative ("away from")

(A25)-T[H]O, -*ta/ä, allative ("toward"); cf. Nenets dative -n~t-h

(A25)-KX[H]O, -ka/ä, comitative ("with"); cf. Nenets locative -x-na; xi, "near"); (IE ko(m)-); (cf. Egyptian xnti)

(A26)-$A ("much"), -i, "past tense" marker (cf. Finnish annoin, I gave <- *antaim); (IE -yo, future passive participles; participles of necessity; active or passive participles); perfective: the idea behind perfective is completion; the PL assumed that doing something many times or strongly (see below under SA) would lead to the completion of the activity)

A) -i, plural in oblique cases; (IE -i in neuter duals of o-stems)

(A27)-SA(-$E) or SA-FE ("strong [unbreakable]-like" or "strong-powerful"), -sy, "past tense"; (IE -s aorist; su-; s-mobile)

(A28)T[?]A ("side"), -t (Vogul), locative; (a lative ["at the side of, with"] in languages all over the world; seen dimly in IE ablative -e:/o:d, possibly a metathesis of *-d+e: (T[?]A+HHE, "go away from the side of", corresponding to de:, listed incorrectly under de-) to facilitate pronunciation of vowelless stems

(A29)HHE-HHE ("going"), in Nenets -ye? (from *-ey?), "toward"; (IE -[e]i, dative; 1. ei-; for form due to dissimilation, see (A31) below)

(A30)NO ("basket"), -n, plural (originally inanimate); (IE -n in -nt, 3^rd p. pl.; -men, 1^st p. pl.)

(A31)HHE-HHE ("going"), Nenets -yi?, potential noun: xet-, "tell" -> xetyiq, "possibility to tell {going to tell}"; HHE-HHE dissimilated to HHE-$E [IE e:y]; Nenets 3^rd p. optative -ya; conjunctive -yi; (IE -ye: {from *-e:y}, optative)

(A32)M[H]A (activity), -ma/ä, deverbal noun (Finnish kuolla, die -> kuolema, "death"); (IE -mo)

(A33)KX[H]O, -ka/ä, imperative (cf. Nenets -x, hortative); (IE -ka, perfective?; k[^]e/k[^]o, "future particle (Greek)"; (cf. Egyptian sDm.xr.f, "he *must hear")

(A44)VOS is an ancient variant of SOV, which is found in Hungarian látlak, "I see you (lát-," see"; -l-, "you"; -ak, "I")"; I believe that the thematic vowel in IE may be a residue of -yo- (from $O, "thing held, object") so that -e/o+personal ending reflects the same order; this argument is buttressed by the addition of -ja to Hungarian verbs with definite objects: P. levelet ír, "P. writes a letter"; P. írja a levelet, "P. writes the letter"; N.B. that obviously non-transitive verbs take the athematic conjugation: *e/e:sm(i); the causative -eyo might therefore represent -?E-$O, "it-it"; the order of pronominal elements in AA suggests that one method for distinguishing aspects may have been word order: S(O)V = punctual; V(O)S = durative.

(A45)NA-$E ("inside=out of view, absent"), Nenets nyi-, negative verb; (IE nei, listed under 1. ne/e:)

(A46)X[H]O-HA, Nenets simulatives in -r-xa (cf. Altaic -ca, aequativus) ("at the quantity of"); (IE k[w]ei-, "as", listed under k[w]o- ["of the quantity of"])

(A47)QO-?A ("be attached"), Nenets -ngæ, essive (cf. Altaic -q in genitives [-i/ïq = $E-QO; -ni/ïq = NA-$E-QO); Nenets ngo?, "also"; (IE *eng- in en-dh-, "and", listed incorrectly under en-); (cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -ang in ky+ang, "also"); (cf. Sumerian -(n)g-, modal prefix, "also"); (cf. Egyptian in [i]gr, "also")

(A48)S[H]A ("rest, place"), -s(s)a, inessive; (IE -s, nouns of quality [cf. Old Indian tápa-s, "warmth"]; Mediterranean place names in -isso); (cf. (Sino-)Tibetan -sa, "place of . . .); (cf. Japanese -sa, "quality, place")

URALIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

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