Notes: Introduction

1 John C. Greene, Darwin and the Modern World View.

2 A. Dwight Culler, 'The Darwinian revolution and literary form', in George Lewis Levine and William Anthony Madden (eds), The Art of Victorian Prose, pp. 238-9.

3 B. Ifor Evans, Literature and Science, p. 75.

4 Stanley Edgar Hyman, The Tangled Bank: Darwin, Marx, Frazer, Freud as Imaginative Writers.

5 Walter Lawrence Myers, The Later Realism: A Study of Characterisation in the British Novel, p. 29.

6 Morse Peckham, 'Darwinism and Darwinisticism', Victorian Studies, vol. 3 (September 1959), p. 19.

7 Conway Zirkle, Evolution, Marxian Biology, and the Social Scene, p. 348.

8 Leo Henkin, Darwinism in the English Novel, 1860-1910: The Impact of Evolution on Victorian Fiction, p.9.

9 Lionel Stevenson, Darwin among the Poets, pp. 53, 298.

10 Alvar Ellegard, Darwin and the General Reader: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in the British Periodical Press, 1859-1872, p. 23.

11 John Wyan Burrow studies Darwin's reliance on data from all three disciplines in his 'Evolution and Anthropology in the 1860s: the Anthropological Society of London, 1863-71', Victorian Studies, vol. 7 (December 1963), pp. 137-54.

12 By Milton Millhauser in 'The literary impact of Vestiges of Creation', Modern Language Quarterly, vol. 17 (September 1956), pp. 213-26; and more fully in his Just before Darwin: Robert Chambers and 'Vestiges'.

13 Of The World of Life, Malcolm J. Kottler has said that 'coming so late in Wallace's life -- past his prime -- it was not influential': 'Alfred Russel Wallace, the origin of man, and spiritualism', Isis, vol. 65 (1974), p. 184. Wallace was 87 when he wrote this final statement of his evolutionism and, though its views are extreme, they certainly do not run counter to those Wallace had formed as much as forty years earlier. It merely elaborates them and in a sense makes them more self-consistent. And it was influential enough to attract more than one studied rebuttal.

14 Margaret M. Starkey, 'The history of ideas and literary studies', Modern Language Quarterly, vol. 13 (September 1952), p. 265.