by Patrick C. Ryan
(8/29/97)
(not included under lexical headings)
B(A1) verbal: -"?A ("I"' = "here" = concomitant time); Blackfoot á-, durative aspect (cf. Japanese a-, "be at"); perhaps in o?taki, "take (something)" - see #44; in #51 (stative); (IE in lengthened final vowels: e.g. g[^]he:-; from 1. e/e:, o/o:); (cf. Beng *-:, stative); Japanese a-, copula (= MJ á-ru, "be at, exist"; in combination: ni a = na; de a = da)
B(A1) nominal: ?A ("I"' = "here") / ?E ("he/she/it"' = "over there") / ?O ("you"' = " there"); Blackfoot also utilizes -i (?E) as an indefinite suffix, discussed in Frantz as -i, non-particular (after vowels, this formant remains -i in contradistinction to -i from $O, which marks inanimates, which becomes -yi); its indefiniteness precludes the formation of a plural; (cf. Uralic e, "this"); (cf. Beng [Southern Mandé] O, "he/she/it" - with present tense [<- ?E-FA {imperfective}; (cf. IE 4. au-, that]; (cf. Beng E, "he/she/it" - with past tense [<- ?E-$A {perfective}; cf. IE ei-, "this, he"]; and è, "this is..., here is..." [?A-FA ?]); (Japanese: these early pronouns are present in Old Japanese a(re), "I"; o(:)(re), "you"; and a(ti) [for *e(ti)], "he, she, it"); in Ryan (1990), I demonstrated the existence of an early set of deictic elements that were used as personal pronouns for the 1st (?A), 2nd (?O), and 3rd persons (?E); (IE -Ha, 1st p. sing. perfect; -He, 3rd p. sing. perfect; 3. e- "this, he"; also in ei- ["?E-$E or ?E-$A {see below}], "this, he", listed under 3. e-; and IE 4. au- ["?E-FA {see below}], "that")
B(A2) verbal: ?E- ( non-concomitant time); Blackfoot II-, past (from *Ii [?E-$E]); (IE e-augment of perfect and imperfect)
(A2) nominal: ?E {see under ?A}
B(A2)nominal: ?E {compounds}; ?E-T[H]A ("there-go through"), Blackfoot IIht, identifies unwillful subject of sentence (instrumental); IE in ati-, "above and beyond"; eti, "above and beyond; further, also")
(A3) verbal: ?O {not known}
(A3) nominal: ?O {see under ?A}
B(A4) verbal: -"$A (/HHA) ("much [/ many]"= perfective); Blackfoot -yi, termination of 3rd person plural; in sikk, "decrease the mass of, lower" #45; (IE -yo, future passive participles; participles of necessity; active or passive participles); (Japanese -*y(V) - -*Vy = -e(:)/i; infinitive); the basis for the infinitive: the idea behind the perfective is successful completion of a verbal activity; the PL assumed that doing something "many" times or strongly ("much") would lead to the successful completion of the activity); cf. Uralic -i, "past tense" marker (cf. Finnish annoin, I gave <- *antaim), which is really perfective; (cf. Beng past *-y (really: perfective).
(A4) nominal: -$A(/HHA) ("much [/ many]"); IE -i, plural in oblique cases and -i in neuter duals of o-stems).
(A5) verbal: $E(-?A) ("say{-here}"); (IE *a in an, interrogative particle [PL $E-NA, "say-not"]); (cf. AA vocative ya and interrogative particle ?a); (Japanese: OJ ya, interrogative particle)
B*(A5) verbal: -"$E (verbal differentiation only); Blackfoot -yi, from verbs from nouns: aakíí, "woman" = nít-akii-yi-hpinnaan, "we are women", if the subject is not third person: aakííyaawa, "they are women"; (IE -i in primary verbal endings, e.g. -mi); (cf. Beng *-y); (Japanese -i, non-past indicative of adjectives)
B(A5) nominal: -$E (" -like"); pre-Blackfoot -i, "-like" in *si-, "*excretion" (2, 4, 6, 11, 14, 20, 23, 32, 34, 35, 41, 48, 51); a trace of a Blackfoot genitive in -*i- is to be found in the combining form of nouns before animate and inanimate plural termination ((i)-ksi [X[H]O-$E, "pack-like"]; (i)-*itsi [$A-T[?]A-$E, "under-hand-like" {IE 1. ad-, "at, by, to"; cf. itsin (adj), "among"}]), the i- of which has been devoiced to /ç/ and become s = (i)-stsi); (IE -i, relationship of any kind to root; -i, genitive; in -yo/-iyo, adjectives of possession/origin; locative in -i is probably originally a genitive [if not from subessive $A, "under"]); (AA -i [from -*ya], genitive); (cf. Uralic -i, relationship of any kind to root); (the -i/ï element of the Altaic forms: [Sino-]Tibetan -yi, genitive [$E-$E], which has been supplemented by -q [QO, "*attached"]); (cf. Beng *-y); Japanese -i/í [from *-ye] in MJ namí, "wave"; the earliest PL "genitive" is -$E, "-like".
*(A5) nominal: -$E-$E ("always-like"), gentilic; (IE -iyo, see above); (AA -iya [Egyptian gentilic -ii {/ya:/}]); ([Sino-]Tibetan -yi, see above [unless from dissimilated HHE-HHE]).
B(A6) verbal: -"$O, ("what is held, object"), causative; Blackfoot -i, causative (13); (IE -(e)yo, causative; -n-, causative [from PL NA, "one"]); (Japanese -y in tate: (<-tatay), "erect (cause to stand)", from tata, "stand"); in language after language, the causative/factitive has been simply formed by adding a formant to the verb which originally designated an inanimate object: factitive* ("I [cause] it {NA} [to be] V... -ed"), and the causative: ("I [cause] he {him} {$O, originally inanimate} to V... it).
*(A6) verbal: -" $O ('hold'); (IE (-[y]e/o-, subjunctive?); (Japanese yo, emphasis for statement or command ["must"] (cf. yu-u, "tie, bind" = IE 2. yeu-, "bind" [$O-FA, "holding"])
B(A6) nominal: -$O, ("what is held, object");Blackfoot -i, termination of transitive verb roots to indicate an inanimate object (1, 11); termination of pseudo-intransitive verb roots to indicate an unspecified inanimate object (3, 13); -i, termination of inanimate nouns but also animate nouns in a subordinate role to a major third person [noun or pronoun], as, for example, ónni, "his (major) father (minor)" --- (-yi after vowel); (IE yo, "who, which", listed incorrectly under 3. e-); (cf. Altaic -i/ï, 3rd p. sing.); (cf. Beng yo, "another")
B(A7) verbal: -"FA [/F[H]A] (imperfective), pre-Blackfoot -o, *imperfective (5, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 55, 56, 65); (IE in nomina actionis in -we/o(n) and Old Indian active present participle in -u for s-desideratives); (cf. Beng -w in bON, "black pagne leaf"); (cf. also Uralic Nenets -wa (not -*ma!), imperfective infinitive); (Japanese imperfect -u [imperfective]); the idea behind this formant is that a definite small number of repetitions implies activity without completion.
B(A7) nominal: -FA [/F[H]A] (definite inanimate small plural [/animate small plural]), pre-Blackfoot -o in poos, "cat"(15); in aohkíí, "water (17); and, as -V+wa, in kiistówaawa, "you (pl.)", from kiistówa, "you"; and in the 2nd person plural verbal termination -hpoaawa; and in the 3rd person plural verbal termination -yaawa; it appears that o- (F[H]A) was also in use as a Blackfoot classifier of animals, as in o-táá, "weasel" (19, 30); ( cf. Beng -*w in gbO, feces); (IE dual in -o(:)u)
(A7a) nominal and verbal -F[H]A {see FA above and (A45) below}
(A8) nominal and verbal -HA {see ?A above}
*(A8) nominal: HA-$E); (IE the negative represented by Greek and Old Indian a-, negative (considered incorrectly to be a vocalic reduction of n) and the Egyptian negative element i(i) may be the nominal employment of the non-concommitant time prefix ?E ("there=not here") in verbs as I speculated in the essay on Beng but could also represent the base on which "HA-$E, i.e. HA, "air" or "airy, empty"); (cf. Uralic e, no, not); (Altaic negative e); (Beng (Southern Mandé) é, "not" (though I reconstructed the PL base as ?E in the essay on Beng, it could represent an unusual response to HA-$E [é <-*E <- *ay?]); (Japanese hi, "error, fault (omission?)"; hi-, "non-")
(A9) nominal and verbal -HE {see ?E above}
(A10) nominal and verbal -HO {see ?O above}
(A11) nominal and verbal -HHA {see $A above}
(A12) verbal: HHE ("go"); in HHE(-HHE) ("always going"); (IE -[e]i, dative; 1. ei-, come, go); (cf. Uralic Nenets -ye? [from *-ey?], toward); (Japanese (h)e, "to (of motion)" [cf. also heru, "decrease" {"go away"; héru, "pass"}])
*(A12) verbal: HHE-HHE ("always going"); (IE -ye: {from *-e:y}, optative); (cf. Uralic Nenets -yi?, potential noun: xet-, tell = xetyiq, "possibility to tell {going to tell}"; HHE-HHE dissimilated to HHE-$E [IE e:y]}; (cf. Nenets 3rd p. optative -ya; conjunctive -yi).
(A12) nominal: -HHE {see ?E above}
(A13) nominal and verbal -HHO {see $O above}
B(A14) nominal: K[H]E, Blackfoot kit-, 2nd person singular and plural verbal prefix; ; a frequent set of pronouns around the world for the first and second person are NA, "the one", and K[H]E, "the other" (Beng ka, 2nd p. plural and polite); (Japanese in kimi, "you"= "other speaker" ("K[H]E-$E-"ME-$E); (cf. Egyptian -k, "you[r]")
(A14a) nominal: K[H]O; (IE -ko, diminutive); (cf. Uralic -ka in pos-ka, cheek); (Japaneseko-, "little, small"; ko, "child")
B(A15) verbal: KX[H]E ("fast, usy"), Blackfoot in ákaa-, perfective aspect (á, concomittant + kaa, "be busied at" [KX[H]E-F[H]A?], with the implication of "finishing") -ki, verbal affix ("be busied with") (KX[H]E-$E); (IE in 4. ken-; in -sk[^]-, former of presents, iteratives, distributive, repetitive, continuative, intensive; in Greek perfect -k); (cf. Uralic -cha, deverbative); (Japanese -k-, perfect)
(A16) verbal: KX[H]O ("closed up = close"); (IE k[^]e / k[^]o, "future particle [Greek]"); (cf. Uralic -ka/ä, imperative [cf. Nenets -x, hortative]); (cf. Egyptian sDm.xr.f, "he *must hear" [cf. xr, "with"])
(A16) nominal: KX[H]O ("closed up = close"); (IE ko(m)-; ko-, "this", listed under k[^]o, which is properly K[H]E, "that"; (cf. Egyptian xnti, "in front"); (cf. Uralic -ka/ä, comitative ("with"); (cf. Nenets locative -x-na; xi, "near"); (Japanese ko:(re), used for third person proximate; contrasting with so:(re) [S[H]O-RE], semi-proximate; and ka(re) [K[H]E-RE], remote)
(A16) nominal: MA-?A ("full"); (IE 2. ma:-); (Japanese ma-, intensive prefix)
(A17) nominal: ME ("tongue = speaker"); (IE 1. me-; -me, 1st person verbal inflection); (cf. Altaic in men, I); Beng (Southern Mandé) in mí, you [sg. familiar]); (Japanese: in Late Middle Japanese mi, "I" --- corresponding to mi, "I", we also have kimi, "you, other speaker" ["K[H]E-$E-"ME-$E]; K[H]E is a common formant for the 2nd person; (cf. Egyptian -k, "you[r]")
B(A18) nominal: MO-(FA) ("blood, flesh"), Blackfoot m(o)-, classifier for body-parts; (IE in
me:s, "flesh", listed under me:mso-; in mu:s-, "muscle" +SA, "sinew")
(A18a) nominal: M[H]O ("overall"); (IE -mo, superlative); (cf. Altaic -ma/e, augmentative in kap-kara, "entirely black" (from *kam-kara); (cf. Uralic -ma, superlative [cf. also Nenets ngar, "largeness" = ngarm-, "become larger"]); (Japanese mo, "also, even")
(A19) verbal: M[H]A ("hold [off from]"); (IE 1. me:-, "(that) not", prohibitive); (Japanese -m-, negative irrealis)
*(A19) verbal: M[H]A ("activity"); Blackfoot "ventive"-m with certain intransitive verbs
(A19) nominal: M[H]A(-$E); (IE -m, accusative); (Japanese mai-, prefix meaning "each, every"); PL M[H]A is "activity at"; it was originally used primarily with animate nouns to indicate -- in the absence of an expressed animate subject -- that they were targets of the action; obviously, it could also be used as a locative; neuters acquired -m secondarily, originally only as locatives; (cf. Uralic -ma/ä, accusative)
B*(A19)nominal: M[H]A ("activity"); Blackfoot -(m) as a formant of the singular of certain nouns designating clothing, for one (e.g. máíipssi(m), "belt"); this -m disappears in the plural, lengthening the vowel (-iiksi/iistsi) but is retained in the singular (-m(w)a/-mi); (IE -mo, formant of locations); (cf. Uralic -ma/ä, deverbal noun [Finnish kuolla, "die" = kuolema, "death"); (Japanese -ma(:), in MJ jama, "obstruction, restriction" [PL T[?]SO-$A-M[H]A {"held-activity"} = OJ *dyama:])
(A20) nominal: M[H]O ("human"); (IE does not have this use presumably except as a constituent of *men, "someone"); (AA *man, "someone"); (Beng mo, "my, mine"; this word was used for "pronouns" in Amerindian languages)
B(A21) verbal: -NA {see N[H]A below}
B(A22) nominal: -NA (/N[H]A) (definite singular), Blackfoot -n in *in, *eye (1); Blackfoot also in -n terminated nouns in which -n disappears in the uninflected form but reappears in the topical singular: pokó(*n), "ball"; pokón(*w)a; disappearing, however, in the plural: pokóiksi); also as a classifier: (n)inaa, "chief" (from *n-, "the" + *in, "*eye"); Japanese na in kana, "this (one)"; na, "copular connective" (?) in shizuka na hito, a quiet man (but perhaps simply the singular definite article [*"the" man of quiet], corresponding to genitive particle no [really the plural {article} {NO}]); (not found in IE as a genitive per se, which has inherited -y [from -$E, -like, an adjectivizer] but -n, nominal suffix; -l, Romance definite article base; -lo, agent; cf. also -ino, secondary adjectives; -ino, pronominal possessive); (AA: Arabic -l [from animate N[H]A]; Egyptian n, genitival particle, shown to be an inflected article by its agreement with the foregoing noun, varying for feminine [n.t] and plural [{i}nw]);(cf. also Uralic -n, genitive; -na/nä, de-nominal/verbal noun [Hungarian vad, wild = vadon, wilderness]); (Beng in sON\, person).
B*(A22) nominal: NA ("one" = "I/you"), nit-, 1st person singular and plural verbal prefix; (IE: not found as a 1st or 2nd p. pronoun); (Beng n, I); a frequent set of pronouns around the world for the first and second person are NA, "the one", and K[H]E, "the other" (Beng ka, 2nd p. plural and polite); the a of ka (for *ke) and the syllabic n of *na show that these "pronouns" are stress-unaccented.
**(A22) nominal: "NA-$E ("inside-like"); (IE nei-, listed under 1. en); (cf. Uralic -na/ä, illative ["into"]); (Japanese ni, "in, into" )
B***(A22) nominal: NA/N[H]A in ?A+N[H]A(-FE) ("this-animate[-male]"'); Blackfoot anno, demonstrative, proximity to speaker and proximity or familiarity to addressee; (IE in all- for *alw-, listed under 1. al-; 2. an-); (cf. Altaic ol, 3rd p. demonstrative nominative and ?E-NA ("that-inanimate"), -a/en, 3rd p. demonstrative oblique); Altaic is attempted to preserve the animate-inanimate distinction of N[H]A/NA, the nominative preferring the animate form); (Beng aN, we [past, imperative], us, our).
****(A22) nominal: NA-?A ('being inside, absent'); (IE 1. ne/e:); (Japanese *na:= ná-i, "there is not")
*****(A22)nominal: NA-"?A-$E ("inside-like=not here=absent"); (IE ne:i-, listed under 1. ne/ne:-, negative); (Egyptian (i)n(n), negative); (Beng ní, not); (Japanese *na:i = -nai, "not" --- for this interpretation of the Japanese negative, cf. náibu, "inside, interior" [NA-?A-$E-P[?]FO-FA])
*****(A22) nominal: NA-$E ("not-say"); (IE
nei, listed under 1. ne/e:); (Japanese nee, particle asking for agreement)
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca and Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco. 1995. The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. New York etal. Helix Books. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Klimov, Georgij A. 1977. Tipologija Jazykov Aktivnogo Stroja. Moscow: Nauka
-------------------------1983. Printsipy Kontensivnoi Tipologij. Moscow: Nauka
Frantz, Donald G. 1991. Blackfoot Grammar. Toronto: University of Toronto Pressand Russell, Norma Jean. 1989. Blackfoot Dictionary of Stems, Roots, and Affixes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Volume I. Bern and Munich: Francke Verlag
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